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Alexander Gottlieb Baumgarten

Aesthetica

Interlinear Beta v2 · §§51–75

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§ 51

Erecta servetur, uti videbitur, aut erigatur, si quibus aliter modis fieri potest, indoles, M. § 732. ingenio, de quo S. II. rudi relicto, Ethic. § 403. nascentur inde forte, quas § 45 dixi, virtutum umbrae; sed partim pellucens ubique ruditas ingenii motus, quos bonos dixeris, boni cordis, uti loqui solent, deturpabit, § 48. partim aversatus saltem cognitionem pulcram animus, aut eam non sufficienter appetens, ingenium, malis ausibus, eo sinet torpescere, non invitus, § 48. unde nunquam ad pulcre quid cognoscendum allevari denuo possit. § 27.

Let the disposition, once raised, be preserved, as will be seen; or let it be raised, if this can be done in any other ways, Metaphysics, § 732, while the talent of which Section II spoke is left crude, Ethics, § 403. Perhaps there will arise from it those shadows of virtues which I mentioned in § 45; but partly the crudity of the talent, showing through everywhere, will deform the motions of the good heart, as people say, which you might call good, § 48; partly the soul that at least has turned away from beautiful cognition, or does not desire it sufficiently, will let the talent, by bad attempts, grow dull to such an extent, not unwillingly, § 48, that it could never again be raised toward beautifully cognizing anything, § 27.

§ 52

Exercitia aesthetica, § 47, erunt 1) αὐτοσχεδιάσματα citra directionem artis eruditae, qua polleat exercendus, suscepta.

Aesthetic exercises, § 47, will be 1) improvisations undertaken without the direction of the learned art in which the person to be exercised may be strong.

Huc horridus ille numerus Saturnius, quo priscus Cascorum agricola, fortis et levans animum fesso tempore, § 50,

To this belong that rough Saturnian measure in which the ancient farmer of the Casci, strong and lifting his spirit in weary time, § 50,

Sourced quotation · Horace [4]

Versibus alternis opprobria rustica fudit.

"Where wit had licence, and man bantered man;"

Hor. Huc generis humani omnia ante artes eruditas inventas pulcrae cognitionis specimina, huc cuiusvis pulcrioris naturae primi igniculi omnem artem antevertentes, quando e.g. sicut Ovidius de se memorat,

Horace. To this belong all the specimens of beautiful cognition of the human race before the learned arts were invented; to this belong the first little sparks of any rather beautiful nature, anticipating every art, when, for example, as Ovid recalls about himself,

Sourced quotation · Ovid [5]

Quicquid tentabit dicere, versus erit.

"Spontaneously, my lines ran according to befitting numbers, and whatever I tried to express, the same was poetry."

§ 53

In aestheticis etiam egregie caveamus, ne ingenium rude ac ineruditum pro iisdem habeamus. Ethic. § 405. Homeri sane, ac Pindari, e.c. sane non rude fuit:

In aesthetics we must also take excellent care not to hold crude talent and unlearned talent as the same things, Ethics, § 405. Certainly the talent of Homer and Pindar, for example, was not crude:

Sourced quotation · Horace [6]

Ingenium, non incultum, non turpiter hirtum,

"Not small your wit, nor rugged and unkempt;"

Hor. archetypa tamen artium eruditarum potius fuere, quam ectypa.

Horace; yet they were archetypes of the learned arts rather than copies.

Potest ineruditum esse ingenii, etiam aesthetici, § 29, admodum politi, § 52. Ethic. § 403. sicut eruditus ingenii, qua pulcritudinem spectat, satis rudis, § 42.

There can be something unlearned in a talent, even an aesthetic one, § 29, that is very polished, § 52, Ethics, § 403, just as a learned man can be rather crude in talent, so far as beauty is concerned, § 42.

§ 54

Sicuti musicam Leibnitius dixit exercitium arithmeticum, numerare se nescientis animae: sic etiam per exspectationem casuum similium, et inde veluti connatam imitationem primam, nescius adhuc paene se cogitare, multo magis se pulcre cogitare, iam exerceatur infans, bona fortuna si quis educandus incidit in manum artificis, qui os tenerum pueri figurat, ac balbum. § 37.

Just as Leibniz called music an arithmetical exercise of a soul not knowing that it is counting, so too, through the expectation of similar cases, and from that through a first imitation as if innate, the infant is already being exercised, though he still scarcely knows that he is thinking, much less that he is thinking beautifully - with good fortune, if the one to be educated falls into the hand of an artist who shapes the tender and stammering mouth of the boy, § 37.

Sourced quotation · Horace [7]

Torquet ab obscaenis iam nunc sermonibus aurem, Mox etiam pectus praeceptis format amicis,

"The boyish ear from words and tales unclean;
As years roll on, he moulds the ripening mind,
And makes it just and generous, sweet and kind;"

§§ 50, 45.

§§ 50, 45.

Sourced quotation · Horace [8]

Recte facta refert.

"He tells of worthy precedents, displays
The example of the past to after days,"

§§ 31, 32, 35. orientia tempora, § 36. notis § 30. Instruit exemplis, § 32, e.c. Hor. L. II. ep. 1. v. 126.

§§ 31, 32, 35; "the rising times," § 36; "with known examples," § 30; "he instructs with examples," § 32, and so forth, Horace, Book II, Epistle 1, verse 126.

§ 55

Exerceatur ingenium natura pulcrum porro, iamque semet ipsum exercet apertius, § 54, etiamsi nesciat, quid agat, dum confabulatur puer, dum ludit, praesertim ubi ludorum inventor est, aut parvulus director inter commilitones, iisque gnaviter intentus iam sudat, et multa fert, multa facit, dum videt, dum audit, dum legit, quae pulcre intelligat; modo dirigantur talia omnia secundum §§ 49–51, ut aesthetica sint exercitia, § 47.

Let the talent that is beautiful by nature be further exercised, and it already exercises itself more openly, § 54, even if it does not know what it is doing, while the boy converses, while he plays, especially when he is the inventor of games, or a little director among his comrades, and, already earnestly intent on them, sweats, bears many things and does many things; while he sees, while he hears, while he reads things that he may understand beautifully - provided that all such things are directed according to §§ 49–51, so that they may be aesthetic exercises, § 47.

§ 56

Fallimur adulti etiam non raro, quando legendo vel audiendo pulcre dicta, vel scripta, e.c. pulcre ea intelligimus, eorumque pulcritudinem intuemur et quasi gustamus, § 35, ut auctori quidem: pulcre! bene! recte, taciti intra nos acclamemus, neque tamen nos cum ipso simul imitando pulcre cogitare satis animadvertamus.

We adults are also deceived not rarely when, by reading or hearing beautifully spoken or written things, for example, we understand them beautifully, and behold their beauty and as it were taste it, § 35, so that silently within ourselves we applaud the author: "beautifully! well! rightly!" and yet do not sufficiently notice that we ourselves, at the same time and by imitating him, are thinking beautifully.

Hinc exercitium aestheticum maius est, ac plerumque videtur, § 54, exemplaria bellissimorum auctorum

Hence it is a greater aesthetic exercise than it commonly seems, § 54, to handle the models of the most beautiful authors "by night with the hand, to handle them by day," § 54.

Sourced quotation · Horace [9]

Nocturna versare manu, versare diurna. § 54. Graiis (Gallis) ingenium, Graiis (Gallis) dedit ore rotundo Musa loqui, praeter laudem nullius avaris.

"And turn her volumes over day and night.
To Greece, fair Greece, ambitious but of praise,
The Muse gave ready wit, and rounded phrase."

Hor.

Horace.

§ 57

Per se patet maiora iam exercitia maiores vires et dare et testari αὐτοσχεδιάσματα εὐφυσικά, quae proprio Marte fundit animus αὐτόματος, quando iam sine cortice natare vel doctus §§ 54–56 vel natus est, § 53.

It is evident of itself that greater exercises both give and testify to greater powers: well-natured improvisations, which the mind, of its own force, pours out spontaneously, when it has already either learned to swim without cork, §§ 54–56, or has been born able to do so, § 53.

§ 58

Exercitia aesthetica erunt 2) correctiora ac certiora, si accesserit ad connatam S. II. et acquisitam aestheticam naturalem, dominam naturam, § 2, ars erudita, §§ 47–57. sine qua ingenia pulcra quidem, neque tamen divina, viam ad elegantias cognitionis saepe experiantur,

Aesthetic exercises will be 2) more correct and more certain, if learned art, §§ 47–57, has been added to natural aesthetics, both innate, Section II, and acquired, to mistress Nature, § 2. Without this art, talents that are indeed beautiful, yet not divine, often try the way to the elegances of cognition

Sourced quotation · Virgil [10]

Quale per incertam lunam, sub luce maligna, Est iter in silvis, ubi caelum condidit umbra Iuppiter; et rebus nox abstulit atra colorem.

"even as one walks in the forest beneath the jealous light of a doubtful moon, when Jupiter shrouds the sky in shadow and black night blots out the world."

Virg.

Virgil.

§ 59

Utrumque genus exercitiorum, §§ 52, 58, quotiescunque pulcram cognitionem exercendus efficienter decernit, non ingenium solum, sed et indolem et temperamentum aestheticum in habitum deducit et consuetudine confirmat, § 45, intendens connatam pectoris magnitudinem, § 46. M. § 247.

Each kind of exercise, §§ 52, 58, whenever the one to be exercised efficiently determines beautiful cognition, brings not talent alone, but also disposition and aesthetic temperament, into habit and confirms them by custom, § 45, intensifying the innate greatness of heart, § 46, Metaphysics, § 247.

§ 60

Aesthetica dynamica s. critica virium dati hominis ad datam datae cognitionis pulcritudinem assequendam, connatas naturae vires metiri nequit, nisi ex effectibus, exercitiis, § 27. ubi iuste sic concluditur: Tantum est autoschediasma, tantum specimen dati hominis; ergo tanta etiam eius est connata natura, quae accedentibus praeviis exercitiis eo pertingere potuerit. M. § 57. Neque tamen aeque bene saepius infertur: Ad tantum autoschediasma, vel specimen vires dati hominis, uti nunc sunt, non suffecere; ergo destituitur connascenda ad meditationes eiusmodi natura, M. § 60.

Dynamic aesthetics, or the critique of the powers of a given human being for attaining a given beauty of a given cognition, cannot measure the innate powers of nature except from effects, namely exercises, § 27. There one rightly concludes thus: Such is the improvisation, such the specimen of a given person; therefore such also is his innate nature, which, with preceding exercises added, could have reached that point, Metaphysics, § 57. Yet it is often not inferred equally well: The powers of the given person, as they now are, did not suffice for such an improvisation or specimen; therefore he is destitute of a nature connate for meditations of this sort, Metaphysics, § 60.

§ 61

Aesthetico dynamico saepe opus erit tentaminibus (periculis) aestheticis, exercitiis ideo; inter alia, decretis, ut experiatur, an vires dati hominis, et quantae ad datam pulcram cognitionem sufficiant, M. § 697. Tunc si bene procedunt tentamina, experientia affirmativa vires suffecisse satis recte se habet, § 60, si minus procedant, non semper naturae defectus est in caussa, multo minus a defectu cuiusdam specialis forte characteris aesthetici ad datum periculum requisiti, ad defectum generalis etiam, aliorumve forte specialium valet consequentia, § 27. Ciceronis pericula poetica, Ovidii ac Horatii pericula epopoeiae non bene successerunt.

The dynamic aesthetician will often need aesthetic attempts or trials, and therefore exercises; among other things, determined ones, so that he may test whether, and how far, the powers of a given human being suffice for a given beautiful cognition, Metaphysics, § 697. Then, if the attempts proceed well, affirmative experience that the powers have sufficed is quite rightly accepted, § 60. But if they proceed less well, a defect of nature is not always the cause; much less does an inference hold from the defect of some perhaps special aesthetic character required for the given trial to a defect also of the general character, or perhaps of other special characters, § 27. Cicero's poetic trials and Ovid's and Horace's trials at epic did not succeed well.

§ 62

Ad characterem felicis aesthetici generalem, § 27, requiritur III.) mathesis et disciplina aesthetica, theoria perfectionis in materiam et formam pulcrae cognitionis propius influentium, ac ea per naturam solam, et solum eius usum impetrari solet, severioribus iam exercitiis in usum deducenda, ne vagetur habitus ex rerum cogitandarum, vel ex regularum earumque rationum ignorantia vel incertitudine, cogitetur licenter, aut omnes visuros peccata sua putans, quae tamen ipse nesciat, ab ipso pulcrae meditationis usu deterreatur, §§ 47, 48.

For the general character of the happy aesthetician, § 27, there is required III) learning and aesthetic discipline: a theory of those perfections that more closely influence the matter and form of beautiful cognition, and of those things which are usually obtained by nature alone and by its use alone, now to be brought into use by stricter exercises, lest habit wander because of ignorance or uncertainty about the things to be thought, or about rules and their reasons; lest one think licentiously; or lest, thinking that all will see his faults, which nevertheless he himself does not know, he be deterred from the very use of beautiful meditation, §§ 47, 48.

§ 63

Ad disciplinam aestheticam pertinet 1) omnis pulcra eruditio, i.e. eruditio, quatenus obiectorum, de quibus pulcre cogitandum aliquando sit, cognitionem inerudita meliorem exhibet, qua imbutum ingenium naturaliter pulcrum, exercitationibusque quotidianis excitatum, qua motum, qua affectum, et incoctum, uti Persius habet, pectus aestheticum, felicius in datum thema pulcre cogitandum consentire possint, §§ 62, 47.

To aesthetic discipline belongs 1) all beautiful erudition, that is, erudition insofar as it offers a cognition of objects, about which at some time one must think beautifully, better than an unlearned cognition; by it a naturally beautiful talent, imbued and stirred by daily exercises, and the aesthetic breast, moved, affected, and, as Persius has it, steeped, may more happily agree upon a given theme to be beautifully thought, §§ 62, 47.

§ 64

Pulcrae eruditionis potiores partes sunt disciplinae, deum, universum, hominem, qua statum praesertim moralem, historias, nec exclusis quidem mythicis, et antiquitates, signorumque genium exhibentes, § 63.

The more important parts of beautiful erudition are disciplines that present God, the universe, the human being - especially with respect to the moral state - histories, with mythical histories certainly not excluded, antiquities, and the genius of signs, § 63.

§ 65

In disciplinarum eiusmodi doctrina aestheticus tantum eam curat perfectionem, quae fiat in pulcre meditandis phaenomenon, §§ 14, 15. partim negative, dum dat vitare paroramata deturpantia, partim positive, dum unica saepe phrasi vel signo satis brevi cogit eruditum lectorem spectatoremve magna quaevis ab auctore tantae doctrinae exspectare, licet dissimulet erudita plura per exceptionem non inelegantem, §§ 48, 25.

In the doctrine of disciplines of this sort the aesthetician cares only for that perfection which becomes a phenomenon in things beautifully meditated, §§ 14, 15: partly negatively, when it gives him to avoid deforming oversights; partly positively, when by a single phrase or by a sufficiently brief sign it often compels the learned reader or spectator to expect any great things from an author of such great learning, although he conceals many learned matters through an exception that is not inelegant, §§ 48, 25.

§ 66

Huc non referimus pueriles quasvis institutiones, § 54, non tumultuariam in disciplinis tractandorum notitiam, usu, vaga lectione, auditionibusque promiscuis comparatam, de qua S. III, sed methodicam et virilem eorundem peritiam, quantumcunque perfectam, quoniam illa magis, sed et eatenus tantum, quatenus magis efficit § 65 commemorata.

We do not refer here any childish instructions, § 54, nor a disorderly acquaintance, in the disciplines of things to be treated, acquired by use, wandering reading, and promiscuous hearings, of which Section III spoke, but a methodical and manly expertise in those same things, however perfected, since that expertise does more - but only so far as it more effectively produces the things mentioned in § 65.

§ 67

Neque tamen aestheticum polyhistora postulamus vel pansophum, quoniam character generalis tantum eruditionem generatim postulat, in ea pulcrae cognitionis specie, in qua quis excellere cogitat, character specialis partes eo propius facientes eruditionis curatius determinabit, in quibus hospitem esse dedecet, hanc cognitionis pulcrae speciem qui sibi colendam sumpserit, § 27.

And yet we do not demand that the aesthetician be a polymath or a pansophist, since the general character requires only erudition generally. In that species of beautiful cognition in which someone intends to excel, the special character will more carefully determine the parts of erudition that more closely contribute to it; in these it is shameful for one to be a guest, if he has undertaken to cultivate this species of beautiful cognition for himself, § 27.

§ 68

Ad disciplinam aestheticam pertinet 2) theoria de forma pulcrae cognitionis, de modo ac ratione legitimis eam viis comparandi; perfectior, ac per naturam solam et solum eius usum impetrari solet, iam accuratioribus et adstrictioribus exercitiis in usum deducenda, § 62. Iam autem complexus regularum ordine dispositarum ars vocari solet. Hinc in charactere boni aesthetici generali nascitur requisitum artis aestheticae.

To aesthetic discipline belongs 2) theory concerning the form of beautiful cognition, concerning the mode and rational way of acquiring it by legitimate paths; more perfect than what is usually obtained by nature alone and the use of nature alone, and now to be brought into use by more accurate and stricter exercises, § 62. Now a complex of rules arranged in order is usually called an art. Hence in the general character of the good aesthetician there arises the requirement of aesthetic art.

§ 69

In characteribus felicis aesthetici specialibus, e.g. oratoris, poetae, musici e.c. dudum desideriis huius requisiti satisfactum est arte rhetorica, poetica, musica, e.c. Quicquid de earum iucunditate, utilitate, necessitate disseri solet, paululum attollendo notiones in magis generalia potest ad artem aestheticam applicari, cuius haec praedicata tam late patent, ac laudes reliquarum simul sumtarum, § 68.

In the special characters of the happy aesthetician - for example, of the orator, poet, musician, and so forth - the desires of this requirement have long since been satisfied by rhetorical, poetic, musical art, and so forth. Whatever is customarily argued about their pleasantness, usefulness, and necessity can, by raising the notions a little into more general ones, be applied to aesthetic art, whose predicates extend as widely as the praises of the remaining arts taken together, § 68.

§ 70

Iam sumere licebit artem hoc praestantiorem esse 1) quo patentiores regulas complectitur, i.e. quarum applicatio pluribus in occasionibus utilis, immo necessaria est, quo completior ipsa est, regularum sufficientium breve tamen compendium, 2) quo fortiores et graviores regulas exhibet, i.e. quas nunquam sine maiori detrimento negligas, 3) quo exactiores eas exponit, et accuratiores, 4) quo magis perspicuas, 5) quo certiores et ex veris principiis, animabus regularum, derivatas, 6) quo magis allicientes ad dirigendas ex suis praescriptis actiones et ipsam praxin, § 22.

Now it will be permitted to assume that an art is more excellent in this respect: 1) the more widely extending are the rules it embraces, that is, rules whose application is useful in more occasions, indeed necessary; the more complete the art itself is, a brief compendium nevertheless of sufficient rules; 2) the stronger and weightier rules it presents, that is, rules that you would never neglect without greater harm; 3) the more exactly and accurately it expounds them; 4) the more perspicuous they are; 5) the more certain, and derived from true principles, the souls of rules; 6) the more they entice one to direct actions and practice itself according to their prescriptions, § 22.

§ 71

Artis autem aestheticae leges per omnes artes liberales, quasi cynosura quaedam specialium, diffunduntur, et adhuc patentiorem sphaeram habent, ubicunque praestat pulcre, quam turpiter, quicquam cognoscere, cuius non opus est cognitione scientifica.

The laws of aesthetic art are diffused through all the liberal arts, as a certain cynosure of the special arts, and they have a still wider sphere wherever it is better to cognize something beautifully than uglily, when scientific cognition of it is not needed.

Hinc magis, ac ulla specialium, § 69, meretur in formam artis redigi, completius quoddam systema pulcritudinis in cognoscendo tandem exhibitura, ac seiuncta deducendarum ex eadem artium apospasmatia.

Hence more than any special art, § 69, aesthetic art deserves to be reduced to the form of art, since it will at last exhibit a more complete system of beauty in cognizing, and the separated fragments of the arts to be derived from it.

Completi quid in specialibus ob infinitam varietatem sperari non potest, nisi surgendo ad fontes et pulcritudinis et cognitionis, ad utriusque naturam, primas utriusque divisiones divisa ob principium exclusi tertii inter duo contradictoria exhaurientes scrutemur, quod fiet artem aestheticam in formam scientiae redigendo, § 70.

Something complete in the special arts cannot be hoped for, because of infinite variety, unless by rising to the sources of both beauty and cognition, to the nature of each, and unless we examine the first divisions of each, divisions that exhaust what is divided by the principle of the excluded third between two contradictories; this will happen by reducing aesthetic art to the form of science, § 70.

§ 72

Superior regula semper fortior est sibi subordinatis omnibus.

A superior rule is always stronger than all rules subordinated to it.

Hinc artis aestheticae leges fortiores sunt inde derivandis specialium artium regulis omnibus, ab his exceptione non ineleganti facienda, quando colliduntur.

Hence the laws of aesthetic art are stronger than all rules of the special arts to be derived from them, an exception from these being not inelegantly made when they collide.

Iam autem his solis cognitis aliter eveniet, aut etiam illis, vix ac ne vix quidem, veluti in fundo, aut e longinquo, perspectis, his autem in omni ornatu exemplorumque apparatu praestringentibus oculos, non sine graviori detrimento.

But if only these special rules are known, or if the superior ones are hardly, indeed scarcely at all, seen, as if at the bottom or from afar, while the special ones, in all their ornament and apparatus of examples, dazzle the eyes, this will turn out otherwise, not without more serious harm.

Hinc complexus legum aestheticarum, prae specialioribus suis consectariis, meretur in formam artis redigi, quae simul earundem robur satis evidenter ponat ob oculos, in formam scientiae redacta, § 70.

Hence the complex of aesthetic laws, before its more special consequences, deserves to be reduced into the form of an art which, at the same time, when reduced to the form of science, places their force clearly enough before the eyes, § 70.

§ 73

Falsa regula semper peior, quam nulla.

A false rule is always worse than no rule.

Iam autem ex uno alterove exemplo tantum abstractae, ac sine ulteriori ratione pro universalibus venditae leges, quid aliud sunt, quam a particulari ad universale satis hiulca consequentia?

But laws abstracted only from one or another example, and sold as universal without further reason, what else are they than a rather gaping consequence from the particular to the universal?

Quoties hinc, nisi omnino falsae, tamen peccant in quantitate?

How often, then, if they are not altogether false, do they nevertheless err in quantity?

Iam autem inductio completa nunquam haberi potest.

But complete induction can never be had.

Hinc opus est perspicientia veritatis regularum graviorum a priori, quam dein confirmet ac illustret experientia, sicut illius inveniundae forte primum fuit subsidium.

Hence there is need of insight into the truth of weightier rules a priori, which experience may then confirm and illustrate, just as perhaps it was the first aid in discovering that truth.

Indigent hinc artes speciales, si veras a spuriis regulis seiungere sit animus, ulteriori principio, ex quo speciales suas regulas cognoscere possint, et hoc, ars aesthetica, ne per eandem male fidam expectationem casuum similium unice stabiliendum sit, ut in formam scientiae redigatur. § 70.

Hence the special arts need, if the mind is to separate true rules from spurious ones, a further principle from which they can know their special rules; and this principle, namely aesthetic art, must be reduced into the form of science, lest it be established solely by the same poorly trustworthy expectation of similar cases, § 70.

§ 74

Quum intellectus et ratio moraliter necessario directores omnium pulcre cogitatorum, esse debeant, § 39, illud autem regulis pulcre cogitandi distincte non perceptis fieri nequeat; M. §§ 624, 640. non sufficit has perspicue proponi, ac multis illustrari, praesertim quum talis earum confusa cognitio iam sine disciplina per aestheticam naturalem acquisitam impetrari possit, § 62. Ne ergo tota disciplina aestheticae artis in meram aliquam coordinationem, ac dispositionem regularum ab analogo rationis analogon rationis unice directuro formatarum abeat, § 68, distincte regulas etiam et intellectuali cum perspicuitate concipere laborat utiliter in formam scientiae simul elevata. § 70.

Since understanding and reason must be, by moral necessity, the directors of all things beautifully thought, § 39, and since that cannot happen when the rules of thinking beautifully are not distinctly perceived, Metaphysics, §§ 624, 640, it is not enough that these rules be proposed perspicuously and illustrated by many examples, especially since such confused cognition of them can already be obtained without discipline through acquired natural aesthetics, § 62. Therefore, lest the whole discipline of aesthetic art pass over into some mere coordination and disposition of rules formed by the analogue of reason, which alone would direct the analogue of reason, § 68, once it is also elevated into the form of science it usefully labors to conceive the rules distinctly and with intellectual perspicuity, § 70.

§ 75

Quod olim Leibnitius de metaphysicis ante restaurationem eorundem per ipsum coeptam:

What Leibniz once said about metaphysics before the restoration of it begun by himself:

Sourced quotation · Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz [11]

Video plures, qui mathematicis doctrinis delectantur, a metaphysicis abhorrere, quod in illis lucem in his tenebras animadvertant. Cuius rei potissimam caussam arbitror esse, quod notiones generales, et quae maxime nobis notae creduntur, humana negligentia atque inconstantia cogitandi ambiguae atque obscurae sunt factae, et quae vulgo afferuntur, definitiones, nominales quidem sunt, adeo nihil explicant.

"I see that most of those who devote themselves with pleasure to the study of mathematics entertain a dislike for that of metaphysics because in the former they find clearness and in the latter obscurity. I think that the principal reason of this is that general notions, which are believed to be perfectly known by all, have become ambiguous and obscure by the negligence of men and by the inconsistency of their thoughts, and that what are ordinarily given as definitions are not even nominal definitions, because they explain absolutely nothing."

Acta er. Lips. A. 1694. idem de disciplinis artium liberalium ob similem caussam affirmaverim.

Acta Eruditorum Lipsiensia, 1694. I would affirm the same, for a similar reason, about the disciplines of the liberal arts.

De disciplinis, inquam, et regularum coacervationibus.

I say, about disciplines and heaps of rules.

Exsecutionem enim pulcerrimorum operum quanquam docti indoctique passim, si sapiunt, admirari coguntur vel inviti, sequuntur etiam et laudant plurimi: tamen severioris etiam scientiae patroni plerique doctrinas eiusmodi speciosa miracula directuras cum plebe consentiendo contemnunt,

For although learned and unlearned alike everywhere, if they have sense, are compelled even unwillingly to admire the execution of the most beautiful works, and very many also imitate and praise them, yet most patrons even of the more severe science, agreeing with the common people, contemn doctrines meant to direct such splendid miracles,

Sourced quotation · Horace [12]

Ingenium misera quia fortunatius arte Credunt.

"Because Democritus thinks fit to say,
That wretched art to genius must give way,
Stands at the gate of Helicon, and guards
Its precinct against all but crazy bards,"

Quid autem? si curatis ex definitionibus, et vere explicantibus aliquid pulcri atque venusti per apte cohaerentem axiomatum, consectariorumque concatenationem resolverentur, prima certe, cognoscendi, non bene solum, sed et belle problemata?

But what if, from carefully made definitions that truly explain something beautiful and graceful, through a suitably coherent chain of axioms and consequences, problems - certainly primary problems - of cognizing not only well but beautifully were solved?

Quid? si non ars solum, characterem pulcri ingenii generalem ingressa sisteretur, sed etiam induta scientiae pallium?

What if not only art entered into the general character of beautiful talent and was established, but also put on the cloak of science?

Certius et tutius ad eius regulam, non Lesbiam, ornatum cogitationis postulantia tum exsequeremur, tum diiudicaremus, § 70.

More surely and safely, according to its rule, not a Lesbian one, we would both execute and judge what demands ornament of thought, § 70.

Sources and textual notes

[4] Horace, Epistles 2.1.146. John Conington, The Satires, Epistles, and Art of Poetry of Horace, Project Gutenberg eBook 5419. Source 1

Conington renders the surrounding Fescennine passage as a continuous English verse paragraph. This line is the direct counterpart of Horace 2.1.146.

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[5] Ovid, Tristia 4.10.25-26, especially line 26. Henry T. Riley, The Fasti; Tristia; Pontic Epistles; Ibis; and Halieuticon of Ovid (London: H. G. Bohn, 1851), p. 339. Source 1

Baumgarten converts Ovid's first-person past statement into a generalizing third-person future (tentabit ... erit) and uses Quicquid. Riley's translation follows Ovid's source passage, not Baumgarten's grammatical adaptation.

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The translation was published in 1851, and Riley died in 1878; the cited scan is supplied by Internet Archive.

[6] Horace, Epistles 1.3.21-22. John Conington, The Satires, Epistles, and Art of Poetry of Horace, Project Gutenberg eBook 5419. Source 1

Baumgarten abbreviates and reshapes the Horatian wording, omitting non tibi parvum and replacing est et with a second non. Conington's compact English line translates the complete source phrase.

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[7] Horace, Epistles 2.1.127-128. John Conington, The Satires, Epistles, and Art of Poetry of Horace, Project Gutenberg eBook 5419. Source 1

The first English line depends syntactically on Conington's preceding line (His lessons form the child's young lips, and wean). The final facing-page version should preserve enough of that context to avoid presenting a sentence fragment.

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[8] Horace, Epistles 2.1.130. John Conington, The Satires, Epistles, and Art of Poetry of Horace, Project Gutenberg eBook 5419. Source 1

Baumgarten quotes only the opening clause of Horace 2.1.130. Conington distributes the source sentence across a couplet, so both English lines are retained here and the broader scope must be noted in the final apparatus.

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[9] Horace, Ars Poetica 269 and 323-324. John Conington, The Satires, Epistles, and Art of Poetry of Horace, Project Gutenberg eBook 5419. Source 1

This concordance entry combines two non-contiguous passages. The final English page should show a visible ellipsis between them. Preserve Baumgarten's versare and the parenthetical Gallis readings in the quotation layer; the critical source reads versate and Graiis.

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[10] Virgil, Aeneid 6.270-272. J. W. Mackail, The Aeneid of Virgil (London: Macmillan, 1885), Book VI, lines 270-272; Project Gutenberg eBook 22456. Source 1

Mackail's sentence begins with Virgil 6.268. The selected excerpt starts at the simile corresponding to Baumgarten's quoted lines.

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The translation was published in 1885; Project Gutenberg supplies a United States reuse statement.

[11] Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, De primae philosophiae emendatione, et de notione substantiae, Acta Eruditorum (March 1694), opening paragraph. George Martin Duncan, trans. and ed., The Philosophical Works of Leibnitz, 2nd ed. (New Haven: Tuttle, Morehouse & Taylor, 1908), pp. 74-75. Source 1

Baumgarten's printed text reads plures, nobis, and ne nominales quidem sunt; Leibniz's source reads plerosque, omnibus, and nec nominales sunt quidem. The current concordance and Volume I transcription omit Baumgarten's ne, reversing the clause's sense. Before the final concordance is typeset, restore ne in the Baumgarten quotation. Duncan's translation correctly reads "not even nominal definitions."

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The cited edition was published in 1908 and is supplied as a scan by Internet Archive.

[12] Horace, Ars Poetica 295-297, especially line 295. John Conington, The Satires, Epistles, and Art of Poetry of Horace, Project Gutenberg eBook 5419. Source 1

Horace's sentence has the singular verb credit and names Democritus as its subject later in the sentence. Baumgarten extracts the causal clause, changes credit to the plural Credunt, and supplies its subject from his own preceding prose. Conington's four-line context is retained so that the English is grammatical; only its opening couplet directly translates the quoted clause.

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