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Alexander Gottlieb Baumgarten

Aesthetica

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§ 226

Moratum cogitandi genus latius dicitur omne ἦθος § 193. strenue observans. Ita ad Horatii A.P. 319.

A moralized kind of thinking in the wider sense is called every kind of thinking that vigorously observes ἦθος, § 193. Thus, on Horace, Ars poetica 319,

Sourced quotation · Horace [196]

Interdum speciosa locis, morataque recte
Fabula, nullius veneris, sine pondere et arte:
Validius oblectat populum meliusque moratur,
Quam versus inopes rerum nugaeque canorae.

"Sometimes a play, that is showy with common-places, and where the manners are well marked, though of no elegance, without force or art, gives the people much higher delight and more effectually commands their attention, than verse void of matter, and tuneful trifles."

iam Acron annotavit,

Acron has already noted that

Retained quotation · Pseudo-Acro (correcting the concordance attribution to Horace) [197]

fabulam recte moratam esse, in qua singularium personarum mores optime exprimuntur.

"a play is rightly moralized in which the manners of individual persons are very well expressed."

Magna pars autem omnis ethous in pulcre cogitandis demum propter verisimilitudinem, deinde persuasionem, vitam denique, poscitur, adeoque nunc nondum evolvi potest per naturalem methodum scientiae, nec adeo nunc hoc significatu moratum cogitandi genus licet exhaurire, vel, nisi per transennam et quasi praecipiendo sequentia, postulare, § 22.

But a great part of all ἦθος in things to be beautifully thought is required finally for verisimilitude, then for persuasion, and finally for life; and therefore it cannot yet be unfolded by the natural method of the science, nor therefore may the moralized kind of thinking in this sense now be exhausted, or demanded except through the lattice and, as it were, by anticipating what follows, § 22.

§ 227

Moratum cogitandi genus strictius, dicitur aequalem dignis, vel absolute saltim, vel etiam comparative, materiis ac obiectis, semper adaequabilem proportionate cogitandi rationem servans, et inde faventem de cogitantis moribus praesumptionem spectatori velut extorquens.

A moralized kind of thinking in the stricter sense is said to be one that preserves a way of thinking equal to worthy materials and objects, whether at least absolutely or also comparatively worthy, always capable of being equalized and proportionate, and from this, as it were, wrests from the spectator a favorable presumption about the morals of the thinker.

Quintilianus Ciceronem in his se sequi professus expositionem poscens

Quintilian, professing that in these matters he follows Cicero, asks for a "moralized" exposition; "but in an oration," he adds,

Sourced quotation · Quintilian [198]

moratam: sed in oratione, addit, morata debent esse omnia cum dignitate, quae poterunt.

"But everything in a speech should be characteristic and worthy of the
occasion as far as possible."

IIII. 2.

IV.2.

Et hoc iam est moratum illud cogitandi genus, quod non solum heic per antecedentia licet, sed etiam necesse est postulare, si quis ad vere pulcra cogitata velit adspirare. §§ 182, 185.

And this is now that moralized kind of thinking which, from what precedes, it is not only permitted here but also necessary to demand if one wishes to aspire to truly beautiful thoughts, §§ 182, 185.

§ 228

Genus cogitandi bene moratum strictius, erit denuo vel absolute tale, vel etiam comparative et relative, §§ 227, 185. vel negative tantum, vel etiam positive, §§ 193, 194. Nunc sufficiat argumentis, vel ex ipsa pulcritudinis forma, § 183. desumtis dissuadere genus cogitandi male moratum strictius, sed absolute, vel impium, vel inhonestum, vel indecorum, etiamsi vilibus humillimisque forsan materiis turpiter electis proportionatum sit. § 224.

The stricter well-moralized kind of thinking will again be either absolutely such, or also comparative and relative, §§ 227, 185; either negative only, or also positive, §§ 193, 194. For now let it suffice, with arguments drawn either from the very form of beauty, § 183, to dissuade from the stricter ill-moralized kind of thinking, but absolutely so: impious, dishonorable, or indecorous, even if it is proportioned to base and perhaps most humble materials chosen shamefully, § 224.

Sourced quotation · Horace [199]

Si bene te novi, metues, liberrime Lolli,
Scurrantis speciem praebere professus amicum.
Ut matrona meretrici dispar erit atque
Discolor, infido scurrae distabit amicus.

"If I rightly know your temper, most ingenuous Lollius, you will beware of imitating a flatterer, while you profess yourself a friend. As a matron is unlike and of a different aspect from a strumpet, so will a true friend differ from the toad-eater."

Hor. I. ep. 18.

Horace, Epistles I.18.

§ 229

Hoc lubentius genus bene moratum in cogitando, quod strictius tale dixi, § 227. sedulo distinxi a morato latius cogitandi genere, quo saepius observavi venusta ingenia per ipsum verisimilitudinis et morum felicius exprimendorum ardorem, i.e. dum aliquam partem de morato cogitandi genere sectantur, eo delabi, ut alteram perdant ex oculis, quam dignitas poscit, § 227. absoluta, § 228. vel ipsa a verisimilitudine suadens exceptionem non inelegantem, si vitari non possit utriusque perfectionis collisio. § 25. Hinc Iuvenalis obscenitas et multorum satyricorum aliorum licentiae.

For this reason I have all the more willingly distinguished carefully the well-moralized kind in thinking, which I have called such in the stricter sense, § 227, from the moralized kind of thinking in the wider sense. In the latter I have more often observed graceful talents, through their very zeal for verisimilitude and for expressing manners more happily – that is, while they pursue one part of the moralized kind of thinking – to slip so far that they lose from view the other part which dignity demands, § 227: absolute dignity, § 228. Or verisimilitude itself may recommend a not inelegant exception, if a collision of both perfections cannot be avoided, § 25. Hence the obscenity of Juvenal and the licenses of many other satirists.

§ 230

Sectio XVIIII. Tenue cogitandi genus.

Section XVIIII. The Slender Kind of Thinking.

Interest magnitudinis aestheticae, ut cogitationes exaequentur etiam relativae suorum obiectorum S. XVII. magnitudini, § 217. Hinc triplex nascitur cogitandi genus, cum duplici quodlibet sua parekbasi; quod in oratione tantum deprehendentes olim vel triplicem eius characterem, vel ideam, vel formam, vel etiam figuram omnino dixerunt:

It belongs to aesthetic magnitude that thoughts be equalized also to the relative magnitude of their objects, Section XVII, § 217. Hence a threefold kind of thinking arises, each with its own double parekbasis; those who once detected this only in speech called it simply its threefold character, or idea, or form, or even figure:

Sourced quotation · Ausonius [200]

Triplex dicendi genus est, sublime, modestum,
Et tenui filo.

"Three are the modes of eloquence, the exalted, the restrained, and the
close-wove."

Aus.

Ausonius.

§ 231

I. Tenue cogitandi genus (subtile, attenuatum, deductum, gracile, atticum, ischnon) est tenuibus, § 202. materiis ita proportionatum, § 230. ut et absolutae dignitatis satis tenax, § 223. et strictius, etiam relative, moratum, § 228. simpliciter honesto vivendi generi non modo non contrarietur, § 213. sed eius etiam moribus ex §§ 211, 212. diiudicatis probe consentiat, § 214. Huic iam dudum, Terentii tempore, vetus poeta, sed censor vitio creatus, obiecit, ut vitium:

I. The slender kind of thinking (subtle, attenuated, drawn out, graceful, Attic, ischnon) is proportioned to slender materials, § 202, in such a way, § 230, that it both holds sufficiently to absolute dignity, § 223, and, in the stricter sense, is moralized, even relatively, § 228; it not only is not contrary to the simply honorable kind of living, § 213, but also agrees well with its manners as judged from §§ 211, 212, § 214. Against it long ago, in Terence's time, an old poet, made a censor by fault, objected as though it were a fault:

Sourced quotation · Terence [201]

Tenui esse oratione et scriptura levi,
Quia nusquam insanum scripsit adolescentulum
Cervam videre fugere et sectari canes,
Et eam plorare, orare, ut subveniat sibi.

"are poor in their language, and of meagre style; because he has nowhere described a frantic youth as seeing a hind in flight, and the hounds pursuing; while he implores and entreated that he would give her aid."

§ 232

Cum hoc cogitandi genere laudabili, sed aesthetico tamen, multi, Cicerone duce, confundunt, de rebus gravissimis philosophice, quantumque fieri potest, scientifice disquirendi genus, quoniam in hoc conveniunt, ut utrisque desit ille splendor, qui solet ambire graviora phaenomena, vere bona, § 211. et determinatissima quaevis grandia, quae tantum non singularia, § 212. e.g.

With this laudable, though still aesthetic, kind of thinking many, with Cicero as guide, confuse the kind of inquiry into the gravest things philosophically and, as far as possible, scientifically, because they agree in this: both lack that splendor which usually surrounds weightier phenomena, truly good things, § 211, and any most determinate grand things, which are almost singular, § 212. For example, one must think

Sourced quotation · Cicero [202]

de diis immortalibus, de pietate, de concordia, de amicitia, de communi civium, de hominum, de gentium iure, de aequitate, de temperantia, de magnitudine, de omni virtutum genere

"of the immortal gods, of piety, of concord, of friendship, of the common rights of their fellow-citizens, or those of all mankind, of the law of nations, of equity, of temperance, of greatness of mind, of every kind of virtue"

sit cogitandum.

Passage with quotations · Cicero [203]

Philosophis ego, ut de his rebus omnibus, in angustiis, consumendi otii caussa, disserant, quam concessero: illud tamen oratori tribuam et dabo, ut, de quibus illi tenui quodam et exiguo sermone (logico, § 122. qua potiorem suam partem ad aesthetices regulas non exigendo, quas transcendit) disputant, hic cum omni gravitate et iucunditate explicet.

"But when I have given them liberty to reason on all these subjects in corners to amuse their leisure, I shall give and assign to the orator his part, which is, to set forth with full power and attraction the very same topics which they discuss in such tame and bloodless phraseology."

(aesthetica) §§ 124, 123. v. Cic. de Or. I. 56, 57. de Fin. III. 40. Or. 46.

– logical speech, § 122, insofar as in its more important part it is not to be measured by rules of aesthetics, which it transcends – Aesthetics, §§ 124, 123. See Cicero, De oratore I.56–57; De finibus III.40; Orator 46.

§ 233

Tenue cogitandi genus suos iterum gradus admittit, § 231, quorum primum et infimum genus cogitandi tenuiculum dixeris, § 207. Exemplum esto grammatica, partes alienas non occupans.

The slender kind of thinking again admits its own degrees, § 231. The first and lowest of these you may call the somewhat slender kind of thinking, § 207. Let grammar be the example, when it does not occupy parts belonging to others.

Nam tenuis (vel maxime) a fonte, quando

For although it is slender, even especially so, from its source, when

Sourced quotation · Horace [204]

pueris olim dant crustula blandi
Doctores, elementa velint ut discere prima.

"as good-natured teachers at first give cakes to their boys, that they may be willing to learn their first rudiments"

Hor. assumtis poetarum historiarumque viribus, pleno iam satis alveo fluit, Quint. II. 1. neque tamen in omni disciplinarum ambitu surgit ultra tenuitatem, § 202. Ad superiores tenuitatis gradus referamus orationem Ciceronis, pro Caecina, quando eam ipse refert ad subtile cogitandi genus, temperato gravique contradistinctum.

Horace, yet when the powers of poets and historians have been taken up, it now flows in a sufficiently full channel, Quintilian II.1; and nevertheless, in the whole range of disciplines, it does not rise beyond slenderness, § 202. To the higher degrees of slenderness let us refer Cicero's speech Pro Caecina, when he himself refers it to the subtle kind of thinking, contrasted with the temperate and grave.

§ 234

Si suum argumentum et materiem felicius exprimat, tenue cogitandi genus, non inepte de eo dixeris:

If the slender kind of thinking expresses its own argument and material more happily, you would not ineptly say of it:

Sourced quotation · Virgil [205]

In tenui labor, at tenuis non gloria.

"Slight though the poet's theme, not slight the praise."

Virg. cf. Prop. III. 1.

Virgil; compare Propertius III.1.

Sourced quotation · Cicero [206]

Habet enim certos sui studiosos, qui non tam habitus corporis opimos, quam gracilitates consectentur, quos, valetudo modo bona sit, tenuitas ipsa delectat. – Habet suos laudatores, qui hac ipsa subtilitate admodum gaudeant.

"there are some who are so extravagantly fond of him, as to prefer a graceful air to a vigorous constitution, and who are perfectly satisfied with a slender and an easy shape, if it is only attended with a moderate share of health. [...] notwithstanding he has so many admirers, who are charmed with his very slenderness."

Cic. de cl. Or. 64. Neque sine naso sunt hi laudatores, §§ 230, 202,

Cicero, Brutus 64. Nor are these praisers without a nose, §§ 230, 202:

Sourced quotation · Horace [207]

neque semper arcum
Tendit Apollo.

"neither does he always bend his bow."

§ 235

Neque generatim de triplici cogitationum charactere, quem nunc informamus, praeconcipienda est opinio, ac si per longiorem etiam meditationem aestheticam unus ex his character in omnibus pulcre cogitandis ac singulis debeat aequabiliter transcurrere: neque de tenui cogitandi genere, § 230. Opere in longo prout materiae necessario inaequales aliqualiter coniunguntur, ita habet illud et suam materiis proportionatam et apte haerentem cogitationum nunc anesin et remissionem, nunc epasin et elevationem, manente totius denominatione ab illo charactere, qui regnat et potior est. § 217.

Nor should an opinion be preconceived generally about the threefold character of thoughts which we are now shaping, as if, even through a longer aesthetic meditation, one of these characters ought to run uniformly through all things to be beautifully thought and through each of them; nor should this be assumed about the slender kind of thinking, § 230. In a long work, just as necessarily unequal materials are joined together in some way, so it has its own relaxation and remission of thoughts, now its anesis, and now its epasis and elevation, proportioned to the materials and fittingly adhering to them, while the name of the whole remains from that character which rules and is more powerful, § 217.

§ 236

In eadem oratione Cicero de Inv. II. 51. iubet aliquas argumentationes tenuius, acutius et subtilius tractare, aliquos autem locos, e.g. facti atrocitatem augentes, et negantem malorum misereri oportere, ab accusatore, qui ostendat adversariorum calumniam cum indignatione, quique misericordiam captet cum conquestione, a defensore, tractari vult gravius, ornatius, et cum verbis, tum etiam sententiis excellentibus.

In the same speech Cicero, De inventione II.51, orders some arguments to be treated more slenderly, more sharply, and more subtly; but certain topics, for example those increasing the atrocity of a deed, and denying that evils ought to be pitied, he wants to be treated by the accuser, who shows the calumny of the adversaries with indignation, and by the defender, who seeks pity with lamentation, more gravely and more ornately, with excellent words as well as excellent thoughts.

Quis nescit soccum comoediae tenue, cothurnum tragoediae sublime cogitandi genus postulare?

Who does not know that the comic sock demands the slender kind of thinking, and the tragic buskin the sublime?

Sourced quotation · Horace [208]

Interdum tamen et vocem comoedia tollit,
Iratusque Chremes tumido delitigat ore,
Et tragicus plerumque dolet sermone pedestri
Telephus aut Peleus, quum pauper et exsul uterque
Proiicit ampullas et sesquipedalia verba,
Si curat cor spectantis tetigisse querela.

"Nevertheless sometimes even comedy exalts her voice, and passionate Chremes rails in a tumid strain: and a tragic writer generally expresses grief in a prosaic style. Telephus and Peleus, when they are both in poverty and exile, throw aside their rants and gigantic expressions if they have a mind to move the heart of the spectator with their complaint."

Hor.

Horace.

§ 237

Tenue cogitandi genus iam Ciceronem subtile vocare vidimus, § 233. et Quintilianus VIII. 3. expresse subtiliter et magnifice dicere ponit opposita.

We have already seen Cicero call the slender kind of thinking subtle, § 233, and Quintilian VIII.3 expressly sets speaking "subtly" and "magnificently" as opposites.

Quanquam id fiat ex alia significatione subtilium, quam qualem exhibet M. § 576. tamen similitudo vocabulorum nonnihil forte contulit ad rerum etiam et acutiorum philosophi distinctionum, cum tenuibus et minime gravi cogitandi ratione confusionem. § 232. Non aspernatur tenue cogitandi genus omnem ornatum, sectatur potius non raro facetias et iocos, § 202, sed simpliciter honestos, § 231. Hic character, si quis alius, ipsam fert ludicram cogitandi rationem, qua, inter alia, mikra megalos efferas ironice.

Although this happens from another meaning of subtle things than the one displayed at Metaphysics § 576, nevertheless the similarity of words has perhaps contributed somewhat to the confusion of philosophical distinctions, even of things and of sharper distinctions, with slender and minimally grave thinking, § 232. The slender kind of thinking does not disdain every ornament; rather, it often pursues witticisms and jokes, § 202, but simply honorable ones, § 231. This character, if any does, carries the very playful way of thinking by which, among other things, you may ironically bring forth "small things grandly."

Ita videtur Horatius in illos ludere, qui primariam ὕψος virtutem longas et magnas et sonoras voces quaerunt, quando Serm. I. 2 statim ab initio:

Thus Horace seems to mock those who seek the chief virtue of ὕψος in long, large, and sonorous words, when at the very beginning of Satires I.2 he writes:

Sourced quotation · Horace [209]

Ambubaiarum collegia, pharmacopolae,
Ohe! quam sesquipedalia verba! Sed perge,
videbis simplicem tenuitatem.

"The tribes of female flute-players, quacks"

§ 238

Neque tamen in tenui cogitandi genere subtile palatum rerum gnari iudicis acutissimum aliquid subtilissimumque quaesiverit, partim quia tenuibus materiis, § 231. summam acuminis perspicaciaeque vim impendere parum abesset ab inani argutatione, M. § 576. partim ipsa, quam veritas ipsa limatur in disputatione, subtilitas, vel prorsus non est horizontis aesthetici § 121. vel saltim moribus simpliciter honestis tantum et aesthetice conceptis non satis eleganter congrueret, §§ 231, 228. In tenui simplicius vivendi ratione moris non est subtiliter magis, quam dilucide, dicere. § 213. Hoc significatu cogitationum elegans subtilitas, ne copiose quidem cogitandi rationi repugnans in temperatis potius, et ipsis arduis cogitationum characteribus quaerenda est, § 230.

Nor, however, in the slender kind of thinking should the "subtle palate" of a judge knowledgeable in things seek "something most acute and most subtle." This is partly because to spend the highest power of acuteness and perspicacity on slender materials, § 231, would be little removed from empty quibbling, Metaphysics § 576; and partly because "the very subtlety by which truth itself is polished in disputation" either is wholly outside the aesthetic horizon, § 121, or at least would not agree elegantly enough with simply honorable manners conceived aesthetically, §§ 231, 228. In the slender, simpler manner of living, it is not customary "to speak more subtly than clearly," § 213. In this sense, an "elegant subtlety" of thoughts, not even opposed to a copious manner of thinking, should rather be sought in the temperate and even in the difficult characters of thoughts, § 230.

§ 239

Attenuatum cogitandi genus forsitan ex Ciceronis locis, ubi de tali dicendi genere loquitur, posset probari esse unum ex mediis characteribus sublatis et amplis cogitandi rationibus opponendum, si multus esse vellem in eruendis romanis cogitationum denominationibus, § 231. Quando Horatius:

The attenuated kind of thinking could perhaps be proved, from Cicero's passages where he speaks of this kind of speaking, to be one of the middle characters opposed to lofty and ample ways of thinking, if I wished to be lengthy in unearthing Roman names for thoughts, § 231. When Horace says,

Sourced quotation · Horace [210]

Rectius Iliacum carmen deducis in actus,

"and you with more prudence will reduce the Iliad into acts"

e.c. videtur iam innuere epopoeian ipsis tragoediis ita grandiorem esse, ut res ex illa in hanc transumtae videantur attenuari.

etc., he already seems to imply that epopoeia is so much grander than the tragedies themselves that things transferred from it into tragedy seem to be attenuated.

Hinc deductum simpliciter cogitandi genus utique depressum ad tenuitatem usque denotare videtur.

Hence the simply drawn-down kind of thinking certainly seems to denote a style depressed down to slenderness.

Quale bucolicorum plerumque.

Such is usually the style of bucolic poems:

Sourced quotation · Virgil [211]

Quum canerem reges et proelia, Cynthius aurem
Vellit et admonuit: Pastorem Tityre, pingues
Pascere oportet oves, deductum dicere carmen, § 155.
Agrestem tenui meditabor arundine musam.

"When I sought to tell of battles and of kings, the Cynthian god plucked at mine ear and warned me: "Tityrus, beseems a shepherd-wight to feed fat sheep, but sing a slender song." [...] will rather tune to the slim oaten reed my silvan lay."

Virg.

§ 155. "I shall meditate a rural Muse on a slender reed." Virgil. "Our tamarisks, Varus," § 180.

Sourced quotation · Virgil [212]

Te nostrae, Vare, myricae, § 180.
Te nemus omne canet.

"of thee, O Varus, shall our tamarisks and all the woodland ring"

Virg. ecl. VI. 3.

Virgil, Eclogue VI.3.

Quando autem Horatius, suamet vineta caedens, poetas, inquit:

But when Horace, "cutting his own vineyards," says of poets:

Sourced quotation · Horace [213]

Nos lamentari non apparere labores,
Nostros, et tenui deducta poemata filo.

"when we lament that our labors do not appear, and war poems, spun out in a fine thread"

ep. II. 1. 225. sine dubio voluit epos intelligi ex § 179.

Epistles II.1.225, he undoubtedly wished epos to be understood from § 179.

§ 240

Non Virgilius solum est

Not only is Virgil one who

Sourced quotation · Pseudo-Virgil (traditionally attributed to Virgil) [214]

quondam gracili modulatus avena,

"Lo I am he who led the song through slender reed to cry"

Aen. I. 1. sed in orationibus etiam ad Atticum cum cogitandi genus referebatur gracilitas quaedam et subtilitas, §§ 237, 238. quam propriam illis graecis, § 56, ferebant imitari non posse romanos, § 187. Hos ita solatur Quintilianus, XII. 10:

Aeneid I.1; but in speeches too, when the kind of thinking was referred to the Attic style, a certain grace and subtlety were meant, §§ 237, 238, which they said was proper to those Greeks, § 56, and that the Romans could not imitate it, § 187. Quintilian consoles them thus, XII.10:

Sourced quotation · Quintilian [215]

Non possumus esse tam graciles? simus fortiores.

"Since we cannot be so delicate, let us be stronger."

M. § 515. Subtilitate vincimur? valeamus pondere. M. § 166. Recte simul monet, sinistre hi demum, qui tenui venula per calculos fluunt, Atticum saporem tribui, quia similis Lysiae gracilitati credi non possit Pericles (atticus),

Metaphysics § 515. "Are we surpassed in subtlety? Let us be strong in weight," Metaphysics § 166. At the same time he rightly warns that Attic flavor is wrongly assigned only to those who "flow through pebbles with a thin little vein," because Pericles, though Attic, cannot be believed similar to the gracility of Lysias,

Sourced quotation · Quintilian [216]

quem fulminibus et caelesti fragori compareant comici, dum illi conviciantur.

"What of Pericles? Can we believe that his style was like the slender stream of Lysias' eloquence, when the comedians, even while they revile him, compare his oratory to the bolts and thunder of the skies?"

Idem gracilitatem alio in loco fabellis Aesopi adscribit, quae fabulis nutricularum proxime succedant.

The same author elsewhere ascribes gracility to Aesop's little fables, which come very near to nurses' tales.

Ob quas tamen, optimi ingeniorum aestimatores,

Yet because of those tales, the best judges of talents,

Sourced quotation · Phaedrus [217]

Aesopo ingentem statuam posuere Attici,
Servumque collocarunt aeterna in basi, § 234.
Patere honoris scirent ut cuncti viam,
Nec generi tribui, sed virtuti gloriam.

"The Athenians erected a statue to the genius of Aesop, and placed him, though a slave, upon an everlasting pedestal, that all might know that the way to fame is open to all, and that glory is not awarded to birth but to merit."

Phaedr. II. 9.

§ 234, "so that all might know the path of honor lay open, and glory was assigned not to birth but to virtue." Phaedrus II.9.

§ 241

Epistolas et dialogos generatim ad hoc cogitandi genus male vocant. § 231. Esto: Cicero videbatur

They wrongly call letters and dialogues generally by this kind of thinking, § 231. Granted: Cicero seemed

Sourced quotation · Cicero [218]

plebeio sermone agere cum Papirio Paeto in epistolis.

"But, after all, what do you think of my style in letters? Don't I talk with you in the vulgar tongue?"

Perge legere, et videbis hic plebeium ex notione strictiori plebis romanae, non vero ex ea, qua nos vile et abiectum ita dicimus aliquando, intelligendum esse.

Go on reading, and you will see that here "plebeian" is to be understood from the stricter notion of the Roman plebs, not from that notion by which we sometimes call something vile and abject.

Sed etiamsi pro tenui positum esset, an valet consequentia: Si Cicero ad Paetum tenui sermone usus est: in nullis epistolis ultra tenuitatem est elevanda cogitatio?

But even if it were put for slender, does the consequence hold: if Cicero used slender discourse to Paetus, then in no letters is thought to be raised beyond slenderness?

Esto: epistolas quotidianis verbis texere solemus.

Granted: "we are accustomed to weave letters with everyday words," Ad familiares IX.21.

Fam. IX. 21. An ideo nec licet quidem res, nisi quotidianas, litteris inferere? §§ 96, 114 docebunt, quid subsit errori veritatis.

For that reason is it not even permitted to bring into letters any matters except everyday ones? §§ 96, 114 will teach what lies beneath the error of truth.

§ 242

Virtutes in tenui dicendi genere numerant, 1) vel proprietatem, vel puritatem, 2) perspicuitatem, 3) probabilitatem, 4) evidentiam aliqui.

Some count among the virtues in the slender kind of speaking: 1) either propriety or purity, 2) perspicuity, 3) probability, 4) evidence.

Alii has omnes omnium pulcre cogitandi characterum communes esse dotes recte dicunt, § 22. Proprietatem si ex mente priorum per absentiam troporum, et puritatem per absentiam ornatus, concipiamus, haec involvet illam pulcritudinem.

Others rightly say that all these are common endowments of all characters of beautiful thinking, § 22. If, according to the mind of the former group, we conceive propriety through the absence of tropes, and purity through the absence of ornament, this purity will involve that beauty.

Pari ratione perspicuitatem et probabilitatem, s. verisimilitudinem involvet evidentia, M. § 531.

By the same reasoning evidence will involve perspicuity and probability, or verisimilitude, Metaphysics § 531. Therefore there would remain absence of ornament and evidence.

Restarent itaque defectus ornatus et evidentia. Sed prior nec est virtus, nec est in omni cogitandi genere, quod tenue tamen est. § 247. Posterior ubique requiritur ex duplici titulo. § 22. Quid ergo restat huic characteri proprium?

But the former is neither a virtue, nor is it present in every kind of thinking that is nevertheless slender, § 247. The latter is required everywhere under a double title, § 22. What then remains proper to this character?

Utrumque non solum, modo recte intelligatur, sed et plura. cf. Cic. Or. 76–90.

Not only both, provided they are rightly understood, but also several other things. Compare Cicero, Orator 76–90.

§ 243

I. Puritas a sordibus, quae tenue cogitandi genus deprimerent infra magnitudinem et dignitatem aestheticam absolutam, § 202. coniuncta cum cautione solicita omnis illius ornatus, qui cogitationes de tenuibus vel ultra terminos magnitudinis naturalis in sua materia, vel ultra limites dignitatis obiectis aptae, morumque simpliciter honestorum elevaret, § 231. II. Evidentia; quantam et ex parte verisimilitudinis, et ex parte perspicuitatis, et ex parte persuasionis, § 22. exspectare possis assequendam ab omnibus simpliciter honesto vivendi generi deditis, § 213. ab omnibus, inquam, in quibus indoli tali proportionalem ingenii culturam supponere licet. § 45.

I. Purity from sordid things that would depress the slender kind of thinking below absolute aesthetic magnitude and dignity, § 202, joined with solicitous caution against all that ornament which would raise thoughts about slender things either beyond the boundaries of natural magnitude in their material, or beyond the limits of dignity suited to the objects and to simply honorable morals, § 231. II. Evidence: as much as you can expect to be attained, partly on the side of verisimilitude, partly on the side of perspicuity, and partly on the side of persuasion, § 22, by all those devoted to the simply honorable kind of living, § 213; by all, I say, in whom it is permitted to suppose a cultivation of talent proportionate to such a disposition, § 45.

§ 244

Promiseram plures tenui cogitationum generi proprias virtutes, § 242. Unam nunc adducere liceat exempli gratia.

I had promised several virtues proper to the slender kind of thoughts, § 242. Let it now be permitted to bring forward one for the sake of example.

III. Rotunda ea brevitas, § 166. quam ab homine simpliciter honesto, ingenii proportionate culti, § 243. possis aequus exspectare. § 231. nisi praestandam, non difficulter tamen capiendam et sobrio iudicio laudandam, si praestetur ab alio.

III. That rounded brevity, § 166, which you can fairly expect from a simply honorable human being whose talent is proportionately cultivated, § 243, § 231; if not as something he must perform, then nevertheless as something not difficult for him to grasp and to praise with sober judgment, if it is performed by another.

Quantum haec differant, et interim tamen inter se conveniant, videamus in duplici Romae descriptione: 1)

How much these differ, and yet meanwhile agree with one another, let us see in a double description of Rome: 1)

Sourced quotation · Virgil [219]

Urbem, quam dicunt Romam, Meliboee, putavi
Stultus ego huic nostrae similem, quo saepe solemus
Pastores ovium teneros depellere foetus.

"The city, Meliboeus, they call Rome, I, simpleton, deemed like this town of ours, whereto we shepherds oft are wont to drive the younglings of the flock."

e.c. Virg. ecl. 1.

etc.

Hanc tenuiculam, § 233. exspectarem a quovis simpliciter honesto, qui metro latino nollet uti, quod non pertinet ad res. § 18. II.

Virgil, Eclogue 1. This somewhat slender description, § 233, I would expect from any simply honorable person who did not wish to use Latin meter, which does not pertain to the things, § 18. II.

Sourced quotation · Propertius [220]

Hoc, quodcumque vides, hospes, qua maxima Roma est;
Ante phrygem Aeneam collis et herba fuit.

"All that thou beholdest, stranger, where mighty Rome lies spread, was grass and hill before the coming of Phrygian Aeneas."

e.c. Prop.

etc. Propertius IV.1–35.

IIII. 1–35. Hanc in tenuibus maiorem, honesto tamen cuiuis probe capiendam et ex ipsius simplici vivendi ratione minore in honestis eam tamen non inconsiderate probandam esse reor.

This one, greater among slender things, I nevertheless think should be well grasped by any honorable citizen and, from that person's simple manner of living, smaller among honorable things, yet not inconsiderately approved.

§ 245

A tenui cogitandi genere probe distinguantur, 1. genus cogitandi de rebus, tenuibus quidem, absolute tamen magnis, § 202. ita easdem deprimens, ut contra suam naturam in meras nugas et naenias transformentur. § 191. Secundum βάθος genus, § 217. et primum cogitandi genus nugatorum in re seria de rebus maioribus proportionatas tantum nugis cogitationes foventium. cf. § 221.

From the slender kind of thinking one must carefully distinguish: 1. a kind of thinking about things which are indeed slender, yet absolutely great, § 202, depressing those same things in such a way that, against their nature, they are transformed into mere trifles and nursery songs, § 191. This is the second kind of bathos, § 217, and the first kind of thinking of triflers in a serious matter, who cherish thoughts about greater things proportioned only to trifles. Compare § 221.

§ 246

Non sum nescius characteri tenui solere, velut unicum vitium opponi siccum et exile, aridum et exsangue, ieiunum atque frivolum cogitandi genus.

I am not unaware that a dry and thin, arid and bloodless, meager and frivolous kind of thinking is customarily opposed to the slender character, as though it were its sole fault.

Sed 1) habet et speciem tumoris sibi oppositam 2) siccitas nonnunquam non solum in severioribus etiam intellectus et rationis, purioris etiam, meditationibus a censoribus vitio creatis male reprehenditur, qui logicum et aestheticum cogitandi genus nesciunt distinguere, sed in ipsis etiam aestheticis a iudice competente laudatur.

But 1) it also has a form of swelling opposed to it; 2) dryness is sometimes wrongly censured as a fault not only in the stricter meditations of intellect and reason, even purer reason, by critics who do not know how to distinguish the logical and the aesthetic kind of thinking, but is even praised in aesthetic matters themselves by a competent judge.

Non provocabo ad illam Plauti, quae suum virum fuit rata siccum, frugi, continentem, amantem uxoris maxime.

I shall not appeal to that woman in Plautus who thought her husband dry, thrifty, self-controlled, and very loving toward his wife.

Cicero, quando cauendam oratori presso, § 239. inopiam et ieiunitatem §§ 120, 128. ait, quomodo id fieri debeat, expositurus in exemplo Cottae, de hoc:

Cicero, when he says that want and meagerness are to be avoided by the compressed orator, § 239, §§ 120, 128, then, about Cotta as an example to show how this should be done, says of him:

Sourced quotation · Cicero [221]

Nihil erat, inquit, in eius oratione, nisi sincerum, nihil, nisi siccum, atque sanum,

"There was nothing in his style but what was neat, compact, and healthy."

et pergit laudare. De cl. Or. 202. Sane hic siccum non vituperatur.

and he goes on praising him, Brutus 202. Certainly here "dry" is not being blamed.

§ 247

Quintilianus omnino videtur siccum inter laudes virilis dignitatis ponere, quando II. 4. optime suadet, ut tenera adhuc aetas plura § VIII. audeat, et inveniat, et inventis gaudeat, sint licet illa non satis sicca interim ac severa.

Quintilian seems altogether to place the dry among the praises of manly dignity when, at II.4, he very well advises that an age still tender should dare more things, § VIII, should invent, and should rejoice in what it has invented, even if those things are meanwhile not sufficiently dry and severe.

Facile remedium esse ubertatis nimiae, sterilitas nullo modo vinci.

There is an easy remedy for excessive abundance; sterility can in no way be conquered.

Macrobius eloquentiam Maronis laudat, nunc siccam, nunc floridam.

Macrobius praises the eloquence of Maro as now dry, now florid.

Quando autem Gellius, XIII. 1. se sicca et incomposita § 113. et propemodum vita oratione dicit attingere, quae Favorinus non sine copia et venustate, latius, amoenius, splendidius et profluentius exsequutus sit: vel hinc patet siccum, si vitio vertatur, latitudini potius et copiae, § VIII. opponendam esse parekbasin, quam magnitudini aestheticae, § XV. vel absolutae, vel relativae alicui.

But when Gellius, XIII.1, says that he touches in a dry and uncomposed, § 113, and almost lifeless speech the things that Favorinus had treated with no lack of abundance and grace, more broadly, more pleasantly, more splendidly, and more flowingly, even from this it is clear that the dry, if it is turned into a fault, is a parekbasis to be opposed to breadth and abundance, § VIII, rather than to aesthetic magnitude, § XV, whether absolute or some relative magnitude.

Verum saepius inveniemus et gnavos horum criticos extensionem pulcram et intensionem cogitationum venustam confudisse. § 187.

Yet we shall often find even energetic critics of these matters confusing beautiful extension with graceful intensity of thoughts, § 187.

§ 248

Erit itaque Siccum Cogitandi Genus potius comparative breve, vel laude dignum, § 246. § XIII. ubi parsimonia iusserit aesthetica, §§ 164, 246. vel vituperio, si praestitisset latitudo quaedam aesthetica, §§ 116, 247. Ex hac definitione intelligo Ciceronem De opt. gen. or. 12:

Therefore the Dry Kind of Thinking will rather be comparatively brief, either worthy of praise, § 246, § XIII, where aesthetic economy has commanded it, §§ 164, 246, or worthy of blame, if some aesthetic breadth would have been preferable, §§ 116, 247. From this definition I understand Cicero, On the Best Kind of Orators 12:

Sourced quotation · Cicero [222]

Si intelligentiam ponunt in audiendi fastidio.

But if they place all their intelligence in a certain fastidiousness of ear,

§§ 242, 243. neque eos quicquam excelsum magnificumque delectat: dicant se subtile quiddam §§ 237, 238. et politum velle, grave ornatumque contemnere.

§§ 242, 243, and nothing lofty and magnificent delights them, let them say that they want something subtle, §§ 237, 238, and polished, and that they despise what is weighty and ornate.

Id vero desinant dicere, qui subtiliter dicant, eos solos Attice dicere, § 240. id est, quasi sicce et integre.

But let those who speak subtly stop saying that they alone speak Attically, § 240, that is, as if dryly and with integrity.

Et ample, et ornate, et copiose, cum eadem integritate, Atticorum est.

To speak amply, ornately, and copiously, with the same integrity, also belongs to the Attic speakers.

§ 249

3) Exile sicco videtur esse paene totaliter synonymon, §§ 246–248. si Plinium sequamur, cuius temporibus forsan theoria, theoriam dico, non praxin, altius evecta fuit aesthetica, ac ipso Ciceronis tempore.

3) The thin seems to be almost totally synonymous with the dry, §§ 246–248, if we follow Pliny, in whose times perhaps aesthetic theory – I say theory, not practice – was carried higher than in Cicero's own time.

Hic enim V. ep. 17. quando:

For when he says, V. epistle 17:

Sourced quotation · Pliny the Younger [223]

Apte, inquit, et varie nunc attollebatur, nunc residebat, excelsa depressis, exilia plenis, severis iucunda mutabat, omnia ingenio pari.

"The style was cleverly varied, in some places it soared, in others it was subdued; passing from the grand to the commonplace, from thinness to richness, and from lively to severe, and in each case with consummate skill."

e.c. quis non videt, eum a) exilia etiam hic laudare velle; b) ea tamen non excelsis, sed plenis (relative i. e. latis et diffusis) contra distingui, c) excelsis potius expresse depressa contradistingui, et to attolli residere.

etc., who does not see that he a) wishes even here to praise thin things; b) yet distinguishes them not from lofty things, but from full things, that is, relatively broad and diffuse things; c) explicitly contrasts low things rather with lofty things, and the to attolli residere, the being raised and settling back.

Neque dissentire videatur Cicero, quando copiam exilem uberrimae opponit.

Nor does Cicero seem to disagree, when he opposes thin abundance to the richest abundance.

§ 250

Tunc etiam Cicero, quando in notatum § 246. incidit errorem, exilis et sicci probat congruentiam, § 249. dum De Or. II. 159. Stoicus, § 122. ait, multa reperit, quae negat ullo modo posse dissolui, § 121. et genus sermonis (primo et ipsius meditationis) affert, non liquidum, non fusum, ac profluens; sed exile, aridum, concisum ac minutum § 121. quod si quis (intellectus et rationis purioris patronus) probabit, ita probabit, ut oratori tamen aptum non esse fateatur.

Then Cicero also, when he falls into the error noted at § 246, proves the agreement of the thin and the dry, § 249, when at De Oratore II.159 he says that the Stoic, § 122, finds many things which he denies can in any way be dissolved, § 121, and brings forward a kind of discourse, first also of his own meditation, not liquid, not poured out and flowing, but thin, arid, cut-short, and minute, § 121. If anyone, a patron of purer intellect and reason, approves this, he will approve it in such a way that he nevertheless admits it is not suited to the orator.

Haec enim nostra oratio (aesthetica) multitudinis est auribus accommodanda, ad oblectandos animos, ad impellendos, ad ea probanda, quae non aurificis statera, sed quadam populari trutina examinantur.

For this speech of ours, aesthetic speech, must be fitted to the ears of the multitude, to delight minds, to impel them, and to prove those things that are examined not by a goldsmith's scale but by a certain popular balance.

Sources and textual notes

[196] Horace, Ars poetica 319-322. Christopher Smart, The Works of Horace, edited by Theodore Alois Buckley (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1863), Project Gutenberg text. Source 1

Differences are confined to punctuation and capitalization. One local digital Latin witness has the typographical error valdius; both Baumgarten and the standard reading have validius. Smart translates morataque recte as "where the manners are well marked."

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[197] Pseudo-Acro, scholium on Horace, Ars poetica 319. [Not yet assigned.]

Deferred: the final edition’s current translation is retained.

The concordance labels this wording as Horace, but Baumgarten explicitly introduces it with "iam Acron annotavit." It is the explanatory scholium, not Horace's verse. A second-pass bibliographic check found the note in the Latin Pseudo-Acro editions but found English only in Giorgio A. Pinton's 2015 translation of the 1536 commentaries, a copyright-era publication that does not meet this project's public-domain or out-of-copyright requirement. No eligible earlier English translation of the scholium was located; Baumgarten's own English translation was deliberately not recycled as external evidence.

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[Not yet assessed.]

[198] Quintilian, Institutio oratoria 4.2.64. The quotation begins with sed; the first moratam belongs to Baumgarten's preceding prose. H. E. Butler, The Institutio Oratoria of Quintilian (London: William Heinemann; New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1920-1922), Perseus Digital Library text. Source 1

Baumgarten writes expositionem poscens moratam immediately before introducing Quintilian; extraction joined that adjective to the quotation. Butler renders morata as "characteristic" and cum dignitate as "worthy of the occasion."

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Butler's translation was published from 1920 through 1922 and is in the United States public domain. The Perseus canonical repository supplies the digital source file.

[199] Horace, Epistles 1.18.1-4. Christopher Smart, The Works of Horace, edited by Theodore Alois Buckley (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1863), Project Gutenberg text. Source 1

Differences are punctuation and capitalization. Smart's dated "toad-eater" renders scurra in the closing contrast.

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Smart died in 1771 and the cited edition was published in 1863; the translation is in the United States public domain. Project Gutenberg marks the ebook free of known United States copyright restrictions.

[200] Ausonius, Griphus ternarii numeri 66-67. Hugh G. Evelyn-White, Ausonius, volume 1 (London: William Heinemann; New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1919), Internet Archive scan. Source 1

Baumgarten substitutes Triplex for the source's trinum. Evelyn-White renders tenui filo idiomatically as "close-wove."

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Evelyn-White's translation was published in 1919 and is in the United States public domain. The Internet Archive supplies a scan of that edition.

[201] Terence, Phormio, prologue 5-8. Henry Thomas Riley and George Colman, The Comedies of Terence (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1874), Perseus Digital Library text. Source 1

Differences are confined to punctuation and capitalization. The English begins in mid-sentence because Terence's tenui esse depends on the preceding "is wont to say." Riley's note observes that the pronouns leave it ambiguous whether the hind or the frantic youth makes the plea for aid.

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Riley and Colman's translation was published in 1874 and is in the United States public domain. The Perseus canonical repository supplies the digital source file.

[202] Cicero, De oratore 1.56. J. S. Watson, Cicero on Oratory and Orators (London: Henry G. Bohn, 1860), Attalus transcription with minor alterations. Source 1

Baumgarten omits animi after magnitudine, prints virtutum for virtutis, and uses the orthographic form diis for dis. Watson makes the parallel senses of communi explicit as the common rights of citizens and of all humanity.

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Watson's translation was published in 1860 and is in the United States public domain. Attalus identifies the translation and its minor digital alterations on the cited page.

[203] Cicero, De oratore 1.57. J. S. Watson, Cicero on Oratory and Orators (London: Henry G. Bohn, 1860), Attalus transcription with minor alterations. Source 1

Baumgarten recasts Cicero's quibus ego as Philosophis ego, adds omnibus, and has angustiis, quam, exiguo, and reversed gravitate et iucunditate where the source reads angulis, cum, exsanguique, and iucunditate et gravitate. The concordance's omission marker represents Baumgarten's own parenthetical interruption between sermone and disputant; it is not missing source text.

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Watson's translation was published in 1860 and is in the United States public domain. Attalus identifies the translation and its minor digital alterations on the cited page.

[204] Horace, Satires 1.1.25-26. Christopher Smart, The Works of Horace, edited by Theodore Alois Buckley (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1863), Project Gutenberg text. Source 1

Baumgarten begins after Horace's quid vetat? ut, so the comparison lacks its governing "as." The retained words otherwise differ only in capitalization and punctuation.

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Smart died in 1771 and the cited edition was published in 1863; the translation is in the United States public domain. Project Gutenberg marks the ebook free of known United States copyright restrictions.

[205] Virgil, Georgics 4.6. James Rhoades, The Poems of Vergil (London: Oxford University Press, 1921), Perseus Digital Library text. Source 1

The difference is punctuation alone. The source file's line numbering is displaced here because Rhoades expands the preceding Latin, but the quoted sentence is the direct rendering of this verse.

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Rhoades's translation was published in 1921 and is in the United States public domain. The Perseus canonical repository supplies the digital source file.

[206] Cicero, Brutus 64. Edward Jones, Cicero's Brutus, or History of Famous Orators (1776), Attalus transcription with a few modernized words and spellings. Source 1

Baumgarten suppresses Cicero's intervening qualification about Lysias's occasional muscular strength, then restarts with Habet instead of sed habet tamen and omits eius. Jones carries Cicero's extended bodily metaphor into English.

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Jones's translation was published in 1776 and is in the United States public domain. Attalus identifies the translation and its limited modernization on the cited page.

[207] Horace, Odes 2.10.19-20. Christopher Smart, The Works of Horace, edited by Theodore Alois Buckley (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1863), Project Gutenberg text. Source 1

Differences are capitalization and punctuation. Smart's pronoun depends on Apollo in the immediately preceding English clause.

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Smart died in 1771 and the cited edition was published in 1863; the translation is in the United States public domain. Project Gutenberg marks the ebook free of known United States copyright restrictions.

[208] Horace, Ars poetica 93-98. Christopher Smart, The Works of Horace, edited by Theodore Alois Buckley (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1863), Project Gutenberg text. Source 1

Baumgarten has aut for the source's et between Telephus and Peleus, quum for cum, and querela for querella. Smart renders ampullas et sesquipedalia verba as "rants and gigantic expressions."

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[209] Horace, Satires 1.2.1. Only Ambubaiarum collegia, pharmacopolae is the Horatian quotation; the remainder is Baumgarten's comment. Christopher Smart, The Works of Horace, edited by Theodore Alois Buckley (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1863), Project Gutenberg text. Source 1

The concordance extraction joined Baumgarten's italicized exclamation and direction to Horace's italicized opening words. Horace continues with mendici, mimae, balatrones, but Baumgarten stops after pharmacopolae. Smart's selected fragment stops at the same point.

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[210] Horace, Ars poetica 129. Christopher Smart, The Works of Horace, edited by Theodore Alois Buckley (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1863), Project Gutenberg text. Source 1

Baumgarten removes tuque and makes Rectius the opening word. Smart's "and you" represents the omitted subject and conjunction.

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[211] Virgil, Eclogues 6.3-5 and 6.8. James Rhoades, The Poems of Vergil (London: Oxford University Press, 1921), Perseus Digital Library text. Source 1

Baumgarten omits Virgil's intervening lines 6-7, prints Quum for Cum, and modernizes the accusative plurals pinguis ovis to pingues oves. Rhoades renders deductum carmen as "a slender song" and tenui arundine as a "slim oaten reed."

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[212] Virgil, Eclogues 6.10-11. James Rhoades, The Poems of Vergil (London: Oxford University Press, 1921), Perseus Digital Library text. Source 1

Differences are capitalization and punctuation alone. Rhoades renders the repeated te once and turns canet into the idiomatic "ring."

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[213] Horace, Epistles 2.1.224-225. Christopher Smart, The Works of Horace, edited by Theodore Alois Buckley (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1863), Project Gutenberg text. Source 1

Baumgarten replaces cum lamentamur with Nos lamentari and repunctuates nostros. Smart supplies "war" from the literary context; Horace's poemata alone does not state the genre.

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[214] the ancient pre-proem traditionally prefixed to Virgil's Aeneid, line 1a. William Morris, The Aeneids of Virgil, Done into English Verse (London: Longmans, Green, and Co., 1900), Project Gutenberg text. Source 1

Baumgarten cites Aeneid 1.1, following editions that printed the four-line pre-proem before arma virumque. Modern scholarship generally regards those lines as an early non-Virgilian interpolation. Baumgarten omits Ille ego, qui and carmen from the line.

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Morris died in 1896 and the cited edition was published in 1900; the translation is in the United States public domain. Project Gutenberg marks the ebook free of known United States copyright restrictions.

[215] Quintilian, Institutio oratoria 12.10.36. H. E. Butler, The Institutio Oratoria of Quintilian (London: William Heinemann; New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1920-1922), Perseus Digital Library text. Source 1

The only textual difference is Baumgarten's question mark for the source's colon. Butler renders graciles contextually as "delicate."

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[216] Quintilian, Institutio oratoria 12.10.24. H. E. Butler, The Institutio Oratoria of Quintilian (London: William Heinemann; New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1920-1922), Perseus Digital Library text. Source 1

Baumgarten extracts Quintilian's relative clause, with no substantive change. Butler translates the whole sentence so that the referent Pericles and the contrast with Lysias remain explicit.

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[217] Phaedrus, Fables 2, epilogue 1-4 (sometimes numbered 2.9). Henry Thomas Riley, revised with material by Christopher Smart, The Fables of Phaedrus, Literally Translated into English Prose with Notes (London: George Bell and Sons, 1887), Project Gutenberg text. Source 1

Baumgarten's older reading Aesopo ingentem means "a huge statue to Aesop"; the critical reading followed by Riley, Aesopi ingenio, means "a statue to the genius of Aesop." The remaining lines agree apart from punctuation and capitalization.

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[218] Cicero, Letters to Friends 9.21.1. Cicero's words are plebeio sermone agere tecum; Baumgarten supplies the name and setting. Evelyn S. Shuckburgh, The Letters of Cicero: The Whole Extant Correspondence in Chronological Order (London: George Bell and Sons, 1908-1909), Perseus Digital Library text. Source 1

Baumgarten changes Cicero's second-person tecum to the third-person description "with Papirius Paetus" and adds "in letters." Shuckburgh's "vulgar tongue" uses vulgar in its older sense of common or everyday speech.

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[219] Virgil, Eclogues 1.20-22. James Rhoades, The Poems of Vergil (London: Oxford University Press, 1921), Perseus Digital Library text. Source 1

Differences are capitalization, punctuation, and the orthographic foetus/fetus. Rhoades renders stultus ego as "I, simpleton."

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[220] Propertius, Elegies 4.1.1-2. H. E. Butler, Propertius, with an English Translation (London: William Heinemann; New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1912), Internet Archive scan. Source 1

Baumgarten prints the Greek accusative Aeneam where Butler's Latin text has the regular Latin form Aenean; other differences are capitalization and punctuation.

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[221] Cicero, Brutus 202. Edward Jones, Cicero's Brutus, or History of Famous Orators (1776), Attalus transcription with a few modernized words and spellings. Source 1

Differences are punctuation alone. Jones maintains Cicero's three-part stylistic-health metaphor with "neat, compact, and healthy."

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Jones's translation was published in 1776 and is in the United States public domain. Attalus identifies the translation and its limited modernization on the cited page.

[222] Cicero, De optimo genere oratorum 12. Charles Duke Yonge, The Orations of Marcus Tullius Cicero, vol. 4 (1903 reprint), Project Gutenberg text. Source 1

Baumgarten omits Cicero's adversative opening sin autem, capitalizes the resulting clause, and prints the spelling intelligentiam for the critical text's intellegentiam. Yonge's “all” and “a certain” make the idiom explicit rather than adding a new proposition.

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The cited edition was published in 1903 and is in the United States public domain. Project Gutenberg records the ebook as free of known United States copyright restrictions.

[223] Pliny the Younger, Letters 5.17.2. J. B. Firth, The Letters of the Younger Pliny (London: Walter Scott, 1900), Project Gutenberg text. Source 1

Baumgarten omits enim and changes only the punctuation. Firth supplies “style” from the preceding discussion of Calpurnius Piso's elegiac poem and renders the three antithetical pairs idiomatically.

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Firth's translation was published in 1900 and is in the United States public domain. Project Gutenberg records the ebook as free of known United States copyright restrictions.