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Alexander Gottlieb Baumgarten

Aesthetica

Interlinear Beta v2 · §§276–300

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§ 276

Ab hoc laudabili medias materias cogitandi genere, § 266. peccando distat in defectu Tertivm Bathovs Genvs easdem minoribus inferioribusque cogitandi rationibus explicans, quam quae mediae magnitudinis ac dignitatis obiecto conveniant. § 217. Sive eius species prima subsistat intra eos tenuiter cogitandi limites, qui tenuibus non adeo inepte sederent materiis, sive species eius secunda, secunda simul cogitandi ratio nugatorum in re seria, § 245. deprimat omnino materiam suam mediocrem in sphaeram nugarum et ineptiarum, § 191.

From this praiseworthy kind of thinking middle materials, § 266, the Third Kind of Bathos, by erring in defect, stands apart, explaining the same materials by smaller and lower ways of thinking than those which would suit an object of middle magnitude and dignity, § 217. Whether its first species remains within those limits of thinking slenderly which would not sit so ineptly on slender materials, or whether its second species – at the same time the second way of thinking of triflers in a serious matter, § 245 – wholly depresses its middling material into the sphere of trifles and absurdities, § 191.

§ 277

Utriusque speciei exempla denuo Plautus dabit, quando res arcessit ex medio, neque tamen non vel in humilem paene tenuitatem, vel omnino labitur in sales illiberales.

Plautus will again give examples of each species, when he fetches a matter from the middle, and nevertheless slips either into almost low tenuity or altogether into illiberal jokes.

Sourced quotation · Horace [255]

Adspice, Plautus,
Quo pacto partes tutetur amantis ephebi,
Ut patris attenti, - - -
Quam non adstricto, § 235, 236. percurrat
pulpita socco!
Gestit enim nummum in loculos demittere, post
hoc
Securus, cadat, an recto stet fabula talo.

"See how Plautus supports the character of a lover under age, how that of a covetous father, how those of a cheating pimp: how Dossennus exceeds all measure in his voracious parasites; with how loose a sock he runs over the stage: for he is glad to put the money in his pocket, after this regardless whether his play stand or fall."

Hor. II. ep. 1. 170.
Dum posterioris praesertim criminis reos agit Catullus,

Horace, Epistles II.1.170. While Catullus especially makes men guilty of the latter charge –

Sourced quotation · Catullus [256]

Plenos ruris et inficetiarum
Annales Volusi,

"That teem with boorish jest of sorry blade,
Volusius' Annals, paper scum-bewrayed."

32. al. 36.
in idem, vel affine, vitium incidit, quod felicius vitauit c. 39. in materia satis simili, medium cogitandi genus pulcrius exprimens.

32, or in another numbering 36 – he falls into the same or a related fault, which he avoided more happily in poem 39, on a sufficiently similar material, expressing the medium kind of thinking more beautifully.

Illud carmen volo, quod aliis 44:

I mean that poem which is numbered 44 by others:

Sourced quotation · Catullus [257]

O! funde noster, seu Sabine, seu Tiburs,

"O Farm our own, Sabine or Tiburtine,"

e.c.

etc.

§ 278

Turpior utriusque speciei gradus est, praesertim secundae § 276. quando de mediis cum aliqua morum nobilitate, § 213, 214. cogitandum est, cogitatur autem de iisdem pellucentibus ubique moribus vix simpliciter honestis, aut omnino dissolutis et illiberalibus.

A baser degree of each species, especially of the second, § 276, occurs when one must think about middle things with some nobility of morals, § 213, 214, but one thinks about those same things with morals everywhere showing through that are scarcely simply honorable, or wholly dissolute and illiberal.

Haec ultima erit Abiecta de Mediis Cogitandi Ratio.

This last will be the Abject Way of Thinking about Middle Things.

Taedet exemplorum obscenorum, quo carmen Catulli 25. al. 29. et epithalamia sexcenta.

I grow weary of obscene examples, to which belong Catullus' poem 25, otherwise 29, and countless epithalamia.

Huc potius ad primam speciem illustrandam animus Menedemi in Ter. Heaut. Act. I. sc. I. tota, cui Chremes:

Rather, to illustrate the first species, let the mind of Menedemus in Terence's Heauton Timorumenos, Act I, scene 1, as a whole, come here; to him Chremes says:

Sourced quotation · Terence [258]

Habes
Servos complures. Proinde quasi nemo siet,
Ita tute attente illorum officia fungere:

"No man in these parts has a better or a more valuable estate, no one more servants; and yet you discharge their duties just as diligently as if there were none at all."

Ipse de se Act. V. sc. I:

He says of himself in Act V, scene 1:

Sourced quotation · Terence [259]

In me quiduis harum rerum convenit,
Quae sunt dicta in stultum: caudex, stipes,
asinus, plumbeus.

"Any one of those epithets which are applied to a fool is suited to myself, such as dolt, post, ass, lump of lead."

§ 279

A medio cogitandi genere, § 266. in excessu recedit Tertivm Tvmoris Genvs obiecta media tantis exornans cogitationibus, quantas sublimia sibi solis vindicare ius habent.

From the medium kind of thinking, § 266, the Third Kind of Tumor recedes in excess, adorning middle objects with thoughts so great that only sublime things have the right to claim them for themselves.

Huc literatorum, qui se solos cum suis aliquid putant, parenthyrsi, quoties sua cogitant, doctores scholasticorum Seraphici et irrefragabiles, succedentes his, dictatores perpetui, imperatores maximi, et magistri equitum reipublicae litterariae, qui nunquam, nisi cum Cicerone, loquuntur, nec in quenquam, nisi velut in Catilinam, qui oppidis, ubi scholas habent, forum, rostra, capitolium, capitolio patres conscriptos et consules, consulibus sellas curules, fasces, secures, sibimet ipsis triumphos tribuunt atque decernunt ex animi sententia.

To this belong the parenthyrsi of men of letters who, together with their own productions, think themselves alone to be something whenever they think their own thoughts; the Seraphic and Irrefutable Doctors of the scholastics; after these, perpetual dictators, greatest emperors, and masters of horse of the republic of letters, who never speak except with Cicero, and never against anyone except as if against Catiline; who assign and decree, according to their pleasure, to the towns where they have schools a forum, rostra, and capitol, to the capitol conscript fathers and consuls, to the consuls curule chairs, fasces, and axes, and to themselves triumphs.

Sourced quotation · Horace [260]

Tune Syri, Damae aut Dionysii filius, audes
Deiicere e saxo cives, aut tradere Cadmo?

"What? do you, the son of a Syrus, a Dana, or a Dionysius, dare to cast down the citizens of Rome from the [Tarpeian] rock, or deliver them up to Cadmus [the executioner]?"

Hor. I. Serm. 6.

Horace, Satires I.6.

§ 280

Ex his vitiis § 276–279. inter se confusis nascitur demum Flvctvans et Incertvm Cogitandi Genvs, quatenus medio cogitationum opponi characteri meretur, quando aliquis medium cogitandi genus meditando sectatus, dum non potest assequi, nunc tenuium, nunc sublimium obiectorum in limites vagatur, ubi pedem figat, gradumque sistat, ignarus, Frustra natura generis, quod elegit, eiusmodi ingenio suadet, quod pater Phaetonti;

From these vices, § 276–279, when confused with one another, there finally arises the Wavering and Uncertain Kind of Thinking, insofar as it deserves to be opposed to the medium character of thoughts: when someone, having followed the medium kind of thinking in meditation, cannot attain it, and wanders now into the bounds of slender objects, now of sublime objects, ignorant where he may plant his foot and set his step. In vain the nature of the kind which he has chosen persuades such a talent of what Phaethon's father persuaded Phaethon:

Sourced quotation · Ovid [261]

Nec preme, nec summum molire per aethera
currum:

"Drive not too low,
nor urge the chariot through the highest plane."

Phaetonti tamen simile est

Yet he is like Phaethon:

Sourced quotation · Ovid [262]

Hoc modo summa petit, modo per decliua
viasque
Praecipites spatio terrae propiore feretur.

"They dragged the chariot
through devious ways, and soared amid the heights;
dashed down deep pathways, far, precipitous,
and gained a level near the scorching earth."

Ov. Met. II. 205.

Ovid, Metamorphoses II.205.

§ 281

III. Svblime Cogitandi Genvs, (magnificum, magnum, altum, summum, plenum, cf. § 178. grave, copiosum, cf. § 116. ornatum, validum, μεγαλοπρεπές, ἀξίωμα, ὕψος, ὑψηλόν.) est suis vere grandibus cogitandi materiis, §§ 203–207. ita congruens, ut iisdem simul satis dignum § 223. et optime moratum, § 228. non modo non contrarietur heroicae virtuti, rationique cogitandi, quam haec comitem, nisi ducem, habere solet, sed et moribus singulari cum maiestate coniunctis probe consentiat. § 213. 194.

III. The Sublime Kind of Thinking – magnificent, great, high, highest, full, cf. § 178; grave, copious, cf. § 116; ornate, strong, μεγαλοπρεπές, ἀξίωμα, ὕψος, ὑψηλόν – is so congruent with its truly grand materials of thinking, §§ 203–207, that, being at the same time sufficiently worthy of them, § 223, and most excellently moralized, § 228, it not only does not oppose heroic virtue and the way of thinking which this virtue usually has as companion, if not as guide, but also fits well with manners joined to a singular majesty, § 213, § 194.

§ 282

Non per iocum solum Terentius iubet

Terence does not only in jest order

Sourced quotation · Terence [263]

Davum sublimem intro rapi, quadrupedem-
que constringi,

"Carry him off on your shoulders in-doors as fast as possible.
Take care he's kept well secured; and, do you hear? Tie him up hands and feet together."

sed et Horatius ridet.

but Horace too laughs:

Sourced quotation · Horace [264]

Hunc, dum sublimis versus ructatur, et errat,
Qui, veluti merulis intentus, decidit, auceps
In puteum, foveamve.

"If, like a fowler intent upon his game, he should fall into a well or a ditch while he belches out his fustian verses and roams about ..."

Nobis heic serio, suoque loco locata sublimitas exploranda est. e.g.

Here, for us, sublimity placed seriously and in its own place must be explored. For example:

Sourced quotation · Quintilian [265]

Non fortibus solum, sed etiam fulgentibus armis praeliatus in causa est Cicero Cornelii, quum assequutus esset dicendo, ut populus romanus admirationem suam, non acclamatione tantum, sed etiam plausu, confiteretur. Sublimitas; profecto, et magnificentia, et nitor; et auctoritas expressit istum fragorem. Nec tam insolita laus esset prosequuta dicentem, si usitata et caeteris similis affuisset oratio.

"[T]he speaker who possesses it fights not merely with effective, but with flashing weapons.
If in his defence of Cornelius Cicero had confined himself merely to instructing the judge and speaking in clear and idiomatic Latin without a thought beyond the interests of his case, would he ever have compelled the Roman people to proclaim their admiration not merely by acclamation, but by thunders of applause? No, it was the sublimity and splendour, the brilliance and the weight of his eloquence that evoked such clamorous enthusiasm.
Nor, again, would his words have been greeted with such extraordinary approbation if his speech had been like the ordinary speeches of every day."

Quint. VIII. 3.

Quintilian VIII.3.

Huc comparatio Elegiae et Tragoediae, Ov. Am. III. 1. ubi illa fatetur:

To this belongs the comparison of Elegy and Tragedy, Ovid, Amores III.1, where the former confesses:

Sourced quotation · Ovid [266]

Non ego contulerim sublimia carmina nostris,
Obruit exiguas regia vestra fores.

"I should not compare heroic measures with my own; thy palaces quite
overwhelm my humble abodes."

§ 283

Magnificum adhuc saepius adhaerente conceptu superflui et ostentationis, quasi levis notae macula quadam, adspergitur.

The word magnificent is still rather often sprinkled with an adhering concept of superfluity and ostentation, as if by a certain stain of a light mark.

Ita Clitipho apud Terentium, Heaut. I. 2. gratulatur Cliniae, qui

Thus Clitipho in Terence, Heauton Timorumenos I.2, congratulates Clinia because he

Sourced quotation · Terence [267]

Habet bene et pudice eductam, ignaram artis
meretriciae.
Mea,

"[He] has a mistress of virtuous and modest breeding, and a stranger to the arts of a courtesan. Mine is ..."

addens,

adding:

Sourced quotation · Terence [268]

est potens, procax, magnifica,
sumtuosa, nobilis.

"Mine is a craving, saucy, haughty, extravagant creature, full of lofty
airs."

Pari ratione Tibullus: II. 6.

In a like way Tibullus II.6:

Sourced quotation · Tibullus [269]

Castra peto, valeatque Venus, valeantque
puellae.
Et mihi sunt vires, et mihi facta tuba est.
Magna loquor. Sed magnifice mihi magna
loquuta
Excutiunt clausae fortia verba fores.

"Venus, good-bye! Now, off I go! Good-bye, sweet ladies all!
I am all valor, and delight to hear the trumpets call.
Large is my brag! But while with pride my project I recite,
I see her bolted door,–and then my boasting fails me quite."

rediturus ad humilem suam querimoniam l. 5:

returning to his humble complaint in line 5:

Sourced quotation · Tibullus [270]

Ure ferum et torque: libeat ne dicere quic-
quam
Magnificum posthac, horrida verba doma.

"Aye! Twist me! Plague me! Never shall I say
Such boast again."

Clarius Cornelius, a quo laudatur Atticus, elegans, non magnificus, splendidus, non sumtuosus, qui omni diligentia munditiam non affluentem, affectarit, supellex modica, non multa, ut in neutram partem conspici posset.

More clearly Cornelius, by whom Atticus is praised, calls him elegant, not magnificent; splendid, not costly; one who with all diligence aimed at neatness not overflowing, furniture moderate, not much, so that he could be seen in neither direction.

Ipse Cicero, magnifici patronus contra Atticos vel quasi, § 248. non abstinet ab hac vocis sequiori significatione.

Cicero himself, the patron of the magnificent against the Attics, or almost so, § 248, does not abstain from this inferior meaning of the word.

Pro Rosc. Com. 5.

In Pro Roscio Comoedo 5,

Sourced quotation · Cicero [271]

Usque eone te diligis, et magnifice circumspicis?

"Are you then so fond of yourself, have you such a magnificent opinion of yourself, as to ask for money from us on the strength, not of your account-books, but of your memoranda?"

eum alloquitur, quem mox accusabit amentiae.

he addresses a man whom he will soon accuse of madness.

§ 284

Nobis autem hic magnificentia cogitatur, § 281. ex descriptione Ciceronis de Inv. II. 163.

But here magnificence is being thought by us, § 281, from Cicero's description in De Inventione II.163:

Sourced quotation · Cicero [272]

rerum magnarum et excelsarum, cum animi ampla quadam et splendida propositione, agitatio atque administratio.

"Magnificence is the consideration and management of important and sublime matters with a certain wide seeing and splendid determination of mind."

Secundum quam magnificentiae publicae amantem dicit, inimicum privatae luxuriae, § 281. 165. populum Romanum, Or. pro Mur. ex qua rectissime, Off. I. 72:

According to this, in the speech Pro Murena, he calls the Roman people "a lover of public magnificence," an enemy of "private luxury," § 281, § 165; and from this most rightly, On Duties I.72, he says:

Sourced quotation · Cicero [273]

Capessentibus, inquit, rempublicam, nihilominus, quam philosophis, haud scio, an magis etiam, et magnificentia, et despicientia adhibenda sit rerum humanarum, quam saepe dico, et tranquillitas animi, atque securitas, siquidem nec anxii futuri sunt, et cum gravitate constantiaque victuri.

"Statesmen, too, no less than philosophers–perhaps even more so–should carry with them that greatness of spirit and indifference to outward circumstances to which I so often refer, together with calm of soul and freedom from care, if they are to be free from worries and lead a dignified and self-consistent life."

Secundum eandem notionem magnificentiae concedit eam et vitae privatae cum simplicitate simul convenire posse § 213. philosophus, l. c. 92.

According to the same notion of magnificence, the philosopher grants that it can also coexist in private life with simplicity, § 213, in the same place, 92, concerning the precepts of private life:

Passage with quotations · Cicero [274]

Haec praescripta (vitae privatae) servantem licet magnifice, graviter, animoseque vivere, atque etiam simpliciter, fideliter, atque vitae hominum amice.

"By observing these rules, one may live in magnificence, dignity, and independence, and yet in honour, truth and charity toward all."

Ex eadem concipio verissimum Agamemnonis effatum apud Petronium,

From the same source I understand as most true Agamemnon's saying in Petronius,

Sourced quotation · Petronius [275]

sibi nihil esse magnificum, quod pueris placeret.

"[A]nd if they would convince themselves that what took a boy's fancy was never fine ..."

§ 285

Hinc igitur colligamus, quam animo sibi formauerit ideam de magnifico cogitandi genere orator, qui et ipse sciuit, et subinnuit l. II. de Or. 89. se eius quasi quoddam exemplar esse, dum narrat Sulpicium, qui loquentem L. Crassum imitari promiserat, omnino in illud genus Crassi magnificum natura ipsa ductum esse, § II. quae tamen addens, non satis, proficere potuisset nisi eodem studio atque imitatione incidisset, atque ita dicere consuesset, ut tota mente Crassum atque omni animo intueretur.

Hence, therefore, let us gather what idea the orator had formed for himself in mind concerning the magnificent kind of thinking: he both knew himself, and suggested in book II of De Oratore 89, that he was as it were a certain exemplar of it, when he related that Sulpicius, who had promised to imitate L. Crassus speaking, had been led altogether into that magnificent kind of Crassus by nature itself, § II; but he adds that this nature could not have advanced enough unless Sulpicius had fallen upon the same study and imitation, and had become accustomed to speaking in such a way that he contemplated Crassus with his whole mind and with his whole soul.

Hinc eius primum praeceptum imitatio. § 56.

Hence its first precept is imitation, § 56.

§ 286

Nec caret ambiguitate sua magni denominatio, § 291. Non huc traham magnum hominem aliquando pro stolido dictum videri, § 179. Sane, in laudem non dici magnam linguam ab Horatio mythologia docet, ubi sic Apollinem alloquitur:

Nor does the designation of "great" lack its own ambiguity, § 291. I shall not drag in here the fact that a great man sometimes seems to be called so in the sense of stupid, § 179. Certainly mythology teaches that a great tongue is not said in praise by Horace, where he addresses Apollo thus:

Sourced quotation · Horace [276]

Dive, quem proles Niobea magnae
Vindicem linguae, Tityosque raptor
Sensit.

"Thou who didst make thy vengeful might
To Niobe and Tityos known,
And Peleus' son, when Troy's tall height
Was nigh his own ..."

IV. od. 6.
Nec magnos Iuvenalis amicos, nec magnos Horatii pueros sincere laudari hac appellatione puto.

IV, ode 6. Nor do I think Juvenal's great friends or Horace's great boys are sincerely praised by this appellation.

Interim bona fide magnum relative comparativeque § 178. cogitatum dicamus vere magnis apte congruens, § 291. Ad huius penitiorem intellectionem notemus adhuc ad §§ 203–207. de magnis materiis 1) alia clariora esse, alia maiora.

Meanwhile, in good faith, let us call a thought great, relatively and comparatively, § 178, when it is aptly congruent with things truly great, § 291. For a deeper understanding of this, let us further note, with reference to §§ 203–207, concerning great materials: 1) some are clearer, others greater.

Cui effato confirmando totam ep. XVI. l. III. destinavit Plinius, illustrans huc facientibus exemplis. 2) huc pertinentia magna vix verisimilia videri plurimis.

Pliny devoted the whole sixteenth letter of book III to confirming this utterance, illustrating it with examples that bear on this point. 2) Great things belonging here seem scarcely believable to most people.

Horatius cuidam
noto sibi nomine tantum
narrat apud Maecenatem sibi non opus esse submovere alios, ut in gratiam eius intimius penetret, nec officere,

Horace tells someone "known to himself only by name" that with Maecenas he has no need to push others aside in order to penetrate more intimately into his favor, nor is it an obstacle that

Sourced quotation · Horace [277]

Ditior hic, aut est quia doctior. Est suus unicuique locus. Magnum narras, vix credibile.

"It is never of any disservice to me, that any particular person is wealthier or a better scholar than I am: every individual has his proper place.
You tell me a marvelous thing, scarcely credible."

Ille, nescio quis, regerit.

That man, whoever he is, replies.

§ 287

Altum cogitandi genus, § 291. et nimis altum §§ 217, 218. ne confundantur.

Let the high kind of thinking, § 291, and the too-high kind, §§ 217–218, not be confused.

Illud pingit Horatius, IV. od. 9.

Horace depicts the former, IV, ode 9:

Sourced quotation · Horace [278]

Iudex honestum praetulit utili, et
Reiecit alto dona nocentium
Vultu, et per obstantes catervas
Explicuit sua victor arma.

"You bend the expedient to the right,
Turn haughty eyes from bribes away,
Or bear your banners through the fight,
Scattering the foeman's firm array."

Et Cicero Tusc. quaest. II. 11.

And Cicero, Tusculan Disputations II.11:

Sourced quotation · Cicero [279]

Fortes non modo fortuna adiuvat, ut est in veteri proverbio, sed multo magis ratio, quae quibusdam quasi praeceptis confirmat vim fortitudinis. Te natura excelsum quendam videlicet, et altum, et humana despicientem genuit. Itaque facile in animo forti contra mortem habita oratio insedit.

"For not only does Fortune, as the old proverb says, assist the bold, but reason does so in a still greater degree; for it, by certain precepts, as it were, strengthens even courage itself. You were born naturally great and soaring, and with a contempt for all things which pertain to man alone; therefore a discourse against death took easy possession of a brave soul."

e.c.

etc.

§ 288

Copiosum ac plenum cogitandi genus si quos pro sublimi habere videas, § 281. memor, §§ 247, 187. quid assertis insit veri diudicaturus oculos mentis ante omnia figo in virtutis huic cogitandi generi propriae et peculiaris summam veluti formulam: Tantum rotundae brevitatis, tantum verisimilitudinis, e.c. § 22. neque plus, neque minus, in grande tuum thema cogitando confer, quantum quemvis ad heroicam virtutem et huius comitem, cogitandi rationem, ingeniique elevationem evectum, vel ipsum thematibus eiusmodi adspersurum fuisse, vel saltim ab aliis allatum pulcre intellecturum esse possis confidere. § 281.

If you see some people hold the copious and full kind of thinking as sublime, § 281, mindful of §§ 247 and 187, and about to judge what truth lies in what has been asserted, I fix the eyes of the mind before all else on the highest, as it were formulary, expression of the virtue proper and peculiar to this kind of thinking: bring into your great theme, in thinking it, so much rounded brevity, so much verisimilitude, etc., § 22, neither more nor less, as you can trust that anyone raised to heroic virtue, to the manner of thinking that accompanies it, and to elevation of genius, either would himself have sprinkled upon themes of this sort, or at least would have beautifully understood when supplied by others.

§ 289

Hinc sublime cogitandi genus multo adhuc minus, ac medium, § 275. quemvis ex turba sibi spectatorem, obiectum personale, legit, et eum, cuius in gratiam potissimum cogitet.

Hence the sublime kind of thinking, much less even than the middle kind, § 275, chooses for itself any spectator from the crowd, a personal object, and the one chiefly for whose sake it thinks.

Minima nec ingenia, nec pectora, curans admodum, nec veritum oculos huiusmodi praestringere potius, quam reficere, duplex mortalium genus suum sibi templum quasi designat, in quo delectando graviter laboret. 1) Summos homines non ingeniis solum superioribus excellentes, sed et indole praeclaros et maiestatem in moribus singularem consuetudine velut alteram quandam naturam, adeptos.

Caring very little for very small intellects or hearts, and not fearing to dazzle eyes of this sort rather than refresh them, it marks out for itself, as it were, a temple of a twofold kind of mortals, in delighting whom it labors gravely. 1) The highest human beings, outstanding not only in superior talents but also distinguished in natural disposition, and having acquired, by habit as if a second nature, a singular majesty in morals.

His ubi cogitat de rebus gravissimis, in quibus illi tamen versari quotidie, quibus familiares esse, in quibus quasi habitare supponendi sunt. Eleganter et magnifice cogitat, et plene quidem atque perfecte, § 158. tantum tamen abest, ut eximia quadam cum copia, meditationisque manifesta latitudine cum iisdem sua communicet, ut potius relativae etiam brevitatis, § XIII. studiosum sit et Laconismi vere grandis.

When for these it thinks about the gravest things, in which they nevertheless are to be supposed to be occupied daily, with which they are familiar, in which they as it were dwell, it thinks elegantly and magnificently, and indeed fully and perfectly, § 158. Yet it is so far from communicating its matters to them with some exceptional copiousness and manifest breadth of meditation that, rather, it is zealous for relative brevity too, § XIII, and for a truly grand Laconism.

§ 290

Iupiter ad Mercurium post brevem expositionem eorum, quae displiceant in Aenea, Virg. Aen. IV. 236:

Jupiter, to Mercury, after a brief exposition of the things that displease him in Aeneas, Virgil, Aeneid IV.236:

Sourced quotation · Virgil [280]

Naviget. Haec summa est, hic nostri nuncius esto.

"Let him to sea! Be this our final word:
this message let our herald faithful bear."

Mercurius fidus parentis interpres ad Aeneam, caetera quum exprobrando retulisset, huc ne ipsum quidem adeo breve mandatum expresse addit, v. 275. quoniam pius Aeneas, illud ex expositis potuit colligere:

Mercury, faithful interpreter of his parent, when he had reported the rest reproachfully to Aeneas, does not even expressly add this command itself, so brief as it is, verse 275, because dutiful Aeneas could gather it from what had been set forth:

Sourced quotation · Virgil [281]

Ardet abire fuga, dulcesque relinquere terras,
Attonitus tanto monitu imperioque deorum.
Mnesthea Sergestumque vocat fortemque Cloanthum
Classem aptent taciti, socios ad littora cogant,
Arma parent, et, quae sit rebus caussa novandis
Dissimulent.

"He fain would fly at once and get him gone
from that voluptuous land, much wondering
at Heaven's wrathful word. Alas! how stir?
What cunning argument can plead his cause
before th' infuriate Queen? How break such news?
Flashing this way and that, his startled mind
makes many a project and surveys them all.
But, pondering well, his final counsel stopped
at this resolve: he summoned to his side
Mnestheus, Sergestus, and Serestus bold,
and bade them fit the fleet, all silently
gathering the sailors and collecting gear,
but carefully dissembling what emprise
such novel stir intends ..."

v. 290.
Satisne breviter magnus Aeneas ad primos sociorum de rebus magnis, quarum hi dudum periti erant?

verse 290. Was great Aeneas brief enough to the foremost of his comrades about great matters, of which they had long been skilled?

§ 291

2) Alterum hominum genus, quibus sublime cogitandi genus servire potissimum et placere studeat, § 289. illi sunt, qui vel ad supra descriptos, aesthetico saltim, referri posse videantur, excelsam tamen aliquam et insigniter sublimem rem adhuc ignorare, aut omnino per errorem vilipendere supponendi sunt, vel igniculos quidem magni animi heroicaeque virtutis gerunt sub pectore, habentes, quod ad sublimia quaevis erigi possit ac incitari, non tamen habent semper in promtu, quantum satis est magnanimitatis praesentis ad grandia quaedam, sibi satis nova, vel brevissime sibi exposita, statim amplectenda, quo merentur, impetu. § 288. Utrisque sublime cogitandi genus iam salva gravitate, non ubertim solum, sed etiam copiosius, inauditam materiae suae magnitudinem, amplissimam dignitatem, incredibile pondus, et divino quodam ardore dignissimam maiestatem, exquisitissimarum figurarum in ornatu pudico ac matronali, splendide declarabit. § 116.

2) The other kind of human beings, whom the sublime kind of thinking should especially strive to serve and please, § 289, are those who either seem able to be referred, at least aesthetically, to the persons described above, yet must be supposed still to be ignorant of some lofty and notably sublime matter, or to undervalue it wholly through error; or who indeed carry under the breast little sparks of a great mind and of heroic virtue, having something that can be raised and stirred toward any sublime things, but do not always have ready at hand as much present magnanimity as is enough for immediately embracing certain grand things, sufficiently new to them or very briefly set forth to them, with the impulse they deserve, § 288. To both groups, while gravity is preserved, the sublime kind of thinking will now splendidly declare not only richly but even more copiously the unheard-of magnitude of its material, its most ample dignity, its incredible weight, and its majesty worthy of a certain divine ardor, in the chaste and matronly adornment of the most exquisite figures, § 116.

§ 292

Iam fingamus nobis mente, vel Athenienses, quibus Demosthenes, vel Romanos, quibus Cicero suis in orationibus de sublimibus aliquando vere pulcre cogitare laborarunt.

Now let us imagine in the mind either the Athenians, for whom Demosthenes, or the Romans, for whom Cicero, in their speeches sometimes labored to think truly and beautifully about sublime things.

Vel substituamus etiam illis, ex nostra vivendi ratione, concionem de gravissimis sacrorum momentis habendam.

Or let us also substitute for them, from our own way of living, an address to be delivered on the gravest matters of sacred things.

Quam hic pauci cogitari possunt ad primum obiectorum personalium genus § 289. pertinentes? Ex iis autem ipsis, quotquot sint, esse tamen quidam possunt, qui, caeteroquin optimi, rigidique virtutis severioris, aut boni publici strenui defensores, id interim, de quo nunc agitur, praesertim admodum determinatum, vel omnino singulare si sit et individuum, nunc forsan ignorantes, nunc omnino contra illud praeoccupati, parum illi pretii existimationisque tribuerent, nisi meliora doceremur. § 291.

How few here can be thought to belong to the first kind of personal objects, § 289? Yet from those very persons, however many they may be, there can be some who, otherwise excellent and strict defenders of a more severe virtue or strenuous defenders of the public good, would nevertheless give little price and esteem to the matter now under discussion, especially if it is very determinate, or wholly singular and individual, now perhaps ignorant of it, now wholly preoccupied against it, unless we were taught better, § 291.

§ 293

Reliqui omnes, quorum in commodum orator sublime cogitandi genus possit suum facere, erunt, in quibus generosiores utique latent instinctus, sunt, quae possint divina luce collustrari sacrisque incitationibus inflammari, nunc autem bona pars minus attenta; alii satis remisso cum animo accedunt, vel ideo, quia sibi nota iam satis temere statuunt, quae sint audituri.

All the rest, for whose benefit the orator can make the sublime kind of thinking his own, will be those in whom more generous impulses certainly lie hidden, things are present that can be illuminated by divine light and inflamed by sacred incitements, but now a good part is less attentive; others approach with a rather relaxed mind, or for this reason, that they rashly decide that the things they are going to hear are already sufficiently known to them.

His circumstantiis utique sublime cogitandi genus oratoris, cuius ad haec voces bene multae possunt audientem transvolare; quas lector iterata forte lectione maturius perpenderit, § 170. multum copiae, multum ubertatis et amplitudinis ad perfectam suam plenitudinem requiret, et latitudinem paene Platonicam, §§ 158, 116.

In these circumstances, indeed, the sublime kind of thinking of the orator, whose many utterances can fly past the hearer in these matters, utterances that perhaps the reader will weigh more maturely by repeated reading, § 170, will require much copiousness, much richness and amplitude for its perfect fullness, and an almost Platonic breadth, §§ 158, 116.

§ 294

Tragoediae adhuc magis necessariam cum sublimitate sua copiam et ubertatem etiam comparativam fecit

For tragedy he made copiousness and richness, even comparative copiousness and richness, still more necessary along with its sublimity:

Sourced quotation · Horace [282]

grata novitate morandus,
Spectator, functusque sacris, et potus, et exlex,

"[B]ecause the spectator on festivals, when heated with wine and disorderly, was to be amused with captivating shows and agreeable novelty."

v. 223–224. H. A. P.

verses 223–224, Horace, Ars Poetica;

Sourced quotation · Horace [283]

Quod numero plures, virtute et honore minores,
Indocti, stolidique et depugnare parati,
Si discordet eques, media inter carmina poscunt,
Aut ursum, aut pugiles. His nam plebecula gaudet.
Verum equiti quoque iam migravit ab aure
voluptas
Omnis ad ingratos oculos et gaudia vana.

"[T]hey who are in number more, in worth and rank inferior, unlearned and foolish, and (if the equestrian order dissents) ready to fall to blows, in the midst of the play, call for either a bear or boxers; for in these the mob delight. Nay, even all the pleasures of our knights is now transferred from the ear to the uncertain eye, and their vain amusements."

Hor. II. ep. 1. v. 275.

Horace, Epistles II.1, verse 275.

§ 295

Quae quum ita se habeant, contrahamus in nervum controversiam. § 288. 1) Est quoddam sublime genus cogitandi, quod simul, non plenum solum, sed et copiosum est, illudque si semel relativae brevitatis fines transgressum est, gnaviter oportet esse locuples; apparatusque vere regios, et magnificentiam publicam testatos exponere, §§ 289–294. 2) non omne sublime cogitandi genus simul copiosum est, § 289. in relative magnis potius maxima relative etiam brevia, §§ 207–209. 3) non omne copiosum dicendi genus sublime est. § VIII. § 281. Adeoque copiosum et sublime desinant in synonymis habere, qui nolunt Asianorum titulis condecorari.

Since these things stand so, let us draw the controversy into a sinew, § 288. 1) There is a certain sublime kind of thinking that is at the same time not only full but also copious; and if it has once crossed the boundaries of relative brevity, it ought energetically to be rich and to display truly royal apparatuses that testify to public magnificence, §§ 289–294. 2) Not every sublime kind of thinking is at the same time copious, § 289; rather, among relatively great things, the greatest are also relatively brief, §§ 207–209. 3) Not every copious kind of speaking is sublime, § VIII, § 281. And therefore let those who do not wish to be adorned with the titles of the Asiatics cease to have "copious" and "sublime" as synonyms.

Ὕψος ἀπότομον in Demosthene, ἐν χύσει Ciceroni plerumque tribuit Longinus. § XII.

Longinus usually attributes ὕψος ἀπότομον, abrupt sublimity, to Demosthenes, and ἐν χύσει, in diffusion or outpouring, to Cicero, § XII.

§ 296

Sublime cogitandi genus grave (δεινόν) si dicitur, § 281. de relativa quadam et comparativa gravitate, graduque eius maximo denominationem accepit, quoniam omnis magnitudo aesthetica postulat etiam aliquam, absolutam certe, gravitatem, § 189. Si dicitur ornatum, § 281. ambiguitas tolli potest ad imitationem § 295. et emendatur plerumque per adiectum, quasi synonymon, aliud vocabulum: e.g. ornatum et grave.

If the sublime kind of thinking is called grave, δεινόν, § 281, it has received its denomination from a certain relative and comparative gravity, and from its highest degree, since every aesthetic magnitude also demands some gravity, certainly an absolute one, § 189. If it is called ornate, § 281, the ambiguity can be removed after the manner of § 295, and is usually corrected by adding another word, as if synonymous: for example, "ornate and grave."

Ornatos in dicendo gravesque viros Scaevolae apud Ciceronem de Or. I. 42. si interpretemur, sublimitatem attingere qui cogitando dicendoque possint, videbimus eos recte mediis interpositos philosophis refutare Crassum, qui oratorem in omnis sermonis disputatione copiosissime posse versari, quasi suo iure sumpserat. § 125. Augeretur inconcinnitas a Crasso asserti, si copiosissimum et sublime confunderemus, § 295. et ornatum, l. c. 50. § 257.

If we interpret Scaevola's "men ornate and grave in speaking" in Cicero, De Oratore I.42, as men who can attain sublimity in thinking and speaking, we shall see that, with the philosophers rightly placed in the middle, they refute Crassus, who had assumed, as if by his own right, that an orator could range most copiously in discussion of every subject, § 125. The inconcinnity of the assertion brought forward by Crassus would be increased if we confused the most copious with the sublime, § 295, and the ornate, in the same place, 50, § 257.

§ 297

Sublime cogitandi genus qui tandem validum dicunt, § 281. denuo videntur de relativo quodam et comparativo robore loqui velle, quod huic utique cogitandi generi summum generice debet adscribi, § 288. Iam tenue poscit aliquid nervorum ac sanguinis, §§ 242–244. plus medium, § 274. sublime plurimum.

Those who finally call the sublime kind of thinking strong, § 281, seem again to wish to speak of a certain relative and comparative force, which certainly ought to be ascribed generically in the highest degree to this kind of thinking, § 288. Even the thin already demands something of sinews and blood, §§ 242–244; the middle demands more, § 274; the sublime demands most.

M. § 515. Videamus insignem eius vim et efficaciam paullo distinctius, ut eandem a spurii sublimis larva sit hoc facilius distinguere.

M. § 515. Let us look a little more distinctly at its remarkable power and efficacy, so that it may thereby be more easily distinguished from the mask of spurious sublimity.

§ 298

1) Habet sublime cogitandi genus summas generice divitias, §§ 158, 288. quas nunquam paene omnes relinquit, § 160. unico veluti, sed pretiosissimo, tantum adamante fulgens, § 289. unde tacitus tecum concludas ad opes reliquas, §§ 177, 148. non nunquam magnificentius exponit, § 293. Unde tunc periagogai kai peribolai, circumducta quaedam et accumulata meditandi ratio, non sine synathroismis, § 148. Neque tamen omnis sublimis, nec in sublimibus summa, meditatio circumducta est et accumulata, multo minus omnis circumducta meditandi ratio, et adhuc minus longitudo quaedam et diffusio distorsioque signorum tantum e.g. dictionis et vocabulorum, grandis atque sublimis est. § 295. Aristophanes habet vocabulum sex versuum, et repit Plauti
Quodsemelarripidesnunquamposteaeripides,
§ 237.

1) The sublime kind of thinking has the highest generic riches, §§ 158 and 288, which it almost never leaves all behind, § 160, shining, as it were, with only one jewel, but a most precious diamond, § 289, from which you may silently conclude with yourself to the remaining wealth, §§ 177 and 148. Sometimes it displays them more magnificently, § 293. Hence then come periagogai kai peribolai, certain circumductions and envelopings, a circumductive and accumulated manner of meditating, not without accumulations, § 148. And yet not every sublime meditation, nor the highest meditation among sublime things, is circumductive and accumulated; much less is every circumductive manner of meditating, and still less some mere length and diffusion and distortion of signs, for example of diction and words, grand and sublime, § 295. Aristophanes has a word of six verses, and it smacks of Plautus: Quodsemelarripidesnunquamposteaeripides, § 237.

§ 299

2) Magnitudinem cogitandorum, etiam naturalem, § 181. eam servat, quae nec comparata primario themati, personisve vel loquentibus, vel obiectis personalibus, in nihilum comparativum abeat, evanescens, e.g. § 198. nec e contrario sub eadem comparatione illa, quae iam dixi, primarium thema, e.c. quando semper in magnis maxima legitur magnitudo cogitandorum quorumvis, si grandia quidem illa, thema, e.c. fuerint, neque tamen in magnis maxima, § 207. elevet potius, obscuret, et minuat, quam amplificet, ornet et extollat.

2) It preserves that magnitude of things to be thought, even natural magnitude, § 181, which, when compared with the primary theme and with persons either speaking or taken as personal objects, neither goes off into comparative nothingness and vanishes, for example § 198, nor, conversely, under the same comparison, raises, rather than amplifies, adorns, and extols, those things I have already mentioned, the primary theme, etc., since always among great things the greatest magnitude of any things to be thought is chosen, if those things, the theme, etc., are indeed grand, and yet not the greatest among great things, § 207; nor does it obscure and diminish them.

Par est sublimi cogitationum generi cura dignitatis generice maximae, sed in maxime dignis gradus simul, ut ita dicam, specifici, § 207. ne tollatur altius, aut deprimatur, ac et hic requirit, earum etiam partium laterumque, ex quibus eximia contemplanda sunt, ut talia, sedulo cautis vergentibus ad mediocritatem, vel omnino tenuitatem variis lateribusque cogitandi non male electi, § 215. nisi opere in longo habeat aliquando locum et hic. § 235.

The care belonging to the sublime kind of thoughts is equal to the generically greatest dignity, but at the same time, among the most worthy things, to the specific grade, so to speak, § 207, lest it be lifted higher or depressed lower. And here too it requires that those parts and sides from which excellent things are to be contemplated as such be carefully guarded, with various sides of thinking not badly chosen that verge toward mediocrity or altogether thinness, § 215, unless even this has some place in a long work, § 235.

§ 300

Exemplum huius cogitandi generis Cicero ipse suam orationem pro Rabirio citat, eodemque iure suo referuntur oratio pro Milone paullatim surgens, Catilinaria II. Philippica II. et in Pisonem.

Cicero himself cites as an example of this kind of thinking his speech For Rabirius; and with the same right there are referred to it the speech For Milo, gradually rising, the second Catilinarian, the second Philippic, and Against Piso.

In Aeneide imum ex grandibus cogitandi generibus Scaliger in descriptione ludorum L. V. medium L. I. summum L. II. et VI. deprehendit.

In the Aeneid, Scaliger detects the lowest of the grand kinds of thinking in the description of the games in book V, the middle in book I, and the highest in books II and VI. Let it be permitted to add an example from sacred writings.

Liceat ex sacris exemplum addere. Sit magnum in maximis, quod Longino § IX. vehementer placuit:

Let that be great among the greatest which strongly pleased Longinus, § IX:

Sourced quotation · Moses, as quoted by Pseudo-Longinus [284]

Sit lux et fuit.

"[L]et there be light, and there was light."

Maius est:

Greater is:

Sourced quotation · Jesus, in the Gospel according to John [285]

Tetelestai.

It is finished.,

Maximum:

"It is finished." Greatest:

Sourced quotation · Paul [286]

Sit deus omnia in omnibus.

"that God may be all in all."

Sources and textual notes

[255] Horace, Epistles 2.1.170-176. Christopher Smart, The Works of Horace, edited by Theodore Alois Buckley (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1863), Project Gutenberg eBook 14020. Source 1

Baumgarten begins at adspice near the end of verse 170, prints partes for partis, and omits Horace's clauses about the scheming pimp and Dossennus among gluttonous parasites. His cross-references inserted after adstricto are commentary rather than Horatian text. Smart's continuous translation restores both omitted clauses; “sock” is the low comic stage shoe, and the play's standing on a straight heel is rendered “stand or fall.”

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Smart's translation and Buckley's 1863 edition are in the United States public domain. Project Gutenberg records the ebook as free of known United States copyright restrictions.

[256] Catullus, Carmina 36.19-20. Sir Richard Francis Burton and Leonard C. Smithers, The Carmina of Gaius Valerius Catullus (London: printed for the translators, 1894), Perseus Digital Library text. Source 1

Catullus has nominative pleni agreeing with Annales. Baumgarten changes this to accusative Plenos so the phrase fits his own governing construction (reos agit), and stops before the coarse final apposition cacata charta. The second half of Burton and Smithers's final English line (“paper scum-bewrayed”) translates that omitted apposition and is retained here to show the published translation's complete couplet.

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The Burton-Smithers translation was published in 1894 and is in the United States public domain. The Perseus canonical repository supplies the digital source file.

[257] Catullus, Carmina 44.1. Sir Richard Francis Burton and Leonard C. Smithers, The Carmina of Gaius Valerius Catullus (London: printed for the translators, 1894), Perseus Digital Library text. Source 1

Baumgarten adds an exclamation mark and commas but otherwise quotes Catullus's opening exactly. Tiburs means “Tiburtine,” belonging to Tibur, not the place-name itself.

Reuse information

The Burton-Smithers translation was published in 1894 and is in the United States public domain. The Perseus canonical repository supplies the digital source file.

[258] Terence, Heauton timorumenos 64-66. Henry Thomas Riley, The Comedies of Terence (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1874), Perseus Digital Library text. Source 1

In Terence, servos complures completes the preceding comparison: no one has a better estate or more slaves. Baumgarten supplies second-person Habes (“you have”) and thereby turns the noun phrase into an independent direct assertion. Riley translates Terence's continuous source sentence; his “and yet” conveys proinde quasi idiomatically.

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Riley's translation was published in 1874 and is in the United States public domain. The Perseus canonical repository supplies the digital source file.

[259] Terence, Heauton timorumenos 876-877. Henry Thomas Riley, The Comedies of Terence (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1874), Perseus Digital Library text. Source 1

Baumgarten writes quiduis for quidvis, changes punctuation, and ends the extract before Menedemus says that none of the insults can apply to Chremes because Chremes's stupidity surpasses them all. Riley treats the four nouns as abusive epithets and renders plumbeus concretely as “lump of lead.”

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[260] Horace, Satires 1.6.38-39. Christopher Smart, The Works of Horace, edited by Theodore Alois Buckley (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1863), Project Gutenberg eBook 14020. Source 1

Baumgarten adds a comma after Syri, prints Dionysii for Dionysi, Deiicere for deicere, e saxo for de saxo, and cives for civis. Smart's “Dana” represents Damae rather than Baumgarten's punctuation and supplies the Tarpeian Rock and Cadmus's office in editorial brackets.

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[261] Ovid, Metamorphoses 2.135. Brookes More, Metamorphoses (Boston: Cornhill Publishing Company, 1922), Perseus Digital Library text. Source 1

Baumgarten changes only capitalization, punctuation, and the line break. More expands aethera as the “highest plane”; the following source verses explicitly explain that the safe course is the middle one.

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[262] Ovid, Metamorphoses 2.206-207. Brookes More, Metamorphoses (Boston: Cornhill Publishing Company, 1922), Perseus Digital Library text. Source 1

Ovid's plural verbs refer to Phaethon's runaway horses. Baumgarten replaces introductory Et with Hoc, changes plural petunt and feruntur to singular petit and future feretur, and prints decliua for declive. More translates Ovid's source grammar, including the plural subject implicit in the preceding context, rather than Baumgarten's adapted sentence.

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More's translation was published in 1922 and is in the United States public domain. The Perseus canonical repository supplies the digital source file.

[263] Terence, Andria 861 and 865. Henry Thomas Riley, The Comedies of Terence (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1874), Perseus Digital Library text. Source 1

Baumgarten combines two commands separated by a brief exchange in Terence. He identifies the demonstrative hunc as Davus and converts the imperatives rape and constringito into passive infinitives governed by his own iubet. The result is a faithful synopsis of the commands but is not a contiguous Terentian sentence. Quadrupedem pictures Davus bound like a four-footed creature; Riley explains the practical sense as having hands and feet tied together.

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[264] Horace, Ars poetica 457-459. Christopher Smart, The Works of Horace, edited by Theodore Alois Buckley (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1863), Project Gutenberg eBook 14020. Source 1

Baumgarten changes nominative hic to accusative Hunc so the passage can depend on his own verb ridet, and replaces conditional si with relative Qui. He also adds commas. Smart's “fustian verses” gives the satirical force of sublimis versus rather than treating “sublime” as praise.

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[265] Quintilian, Institutio oratoria 8.3.2-4. H. E. Butler, The Institutio Oratoria of Quintilian (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press; London: William Heinemann, 1920-1922), Perseus Digital Library text. Source 1

Baumgarten applies Quintilian's general image of “flashing weapons” directly to Cicero, changing modo to solum. He then converts Quintilian's hypothetical question into an affirmative quum clause and omits the intervening description of merely instructive, useful, idiomatic, and clear speech. Other changes include illum to istum, fuisset to affuisset, and several spellings and punctuation marks. Butler translates the complete source sequence, so his question preserves precisely the hypothetical form that Baumgarten recasts.

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Butler's translation was published from 1920 through 1922 and is in the United States public domain. The Perseus canonical repository supplies the digital source file.

[266] Ovid, Amores 3.1.39-40. Henry Thomas Riley, The Amores; or, Amours (London: George Bell & Sons, 1885), Project Gutenberg eBook 47676. Source 1

Baumgarten changes only punctuation and capitalization. Riley's “heroic measures” renders sublimia carmina as high-style epic verse; his plural “palaces” and “abodes” expand the singular architectural metonymies regia and fores.

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[267] Terence, Heauton timorumenos 226-227. Henry Thomas Riley, The Comedies of Terence (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1874), Perseus Digital Library text. Source 1

Baumgarten changes ac to et and leaves Mea suspended for the next concordance entry. Terence's preceding context supplies Clinia as the subject and Antiphila as the unexpressed object of habet; Riley accordingly supplies “mistress” in English. The bracketed pronoun trims Riley's longer contextual sentence without changing his wording for the quotation itself.

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[268] Terence, Heauton timorumenos 227. Henry Thomas Riley, The Comedies of Terence (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1874), Perseus Digital Library text. Source 1

Baumgarten's preceding entry ends with Terence's Mea; read together, the two entries reproduce the source wording apart from punctuation. Riley turns the five predicates into an idiomatic character sketch and supplies “creature” as the English head noun.

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[269] Tibullus, Elegies 2.6.9-12. Theodore C. Williams, The Elegies of Tibullus: Being the Consolations of a Roman Lover Done in English Verse (Boston and New York: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1908), Project Gutenberg eBook 9610. Source 1

The standard source text has laeta tuba est (“the trumpet delights me”), where Baumgarten prints facta tuba est. It also has masculine dative locuto, agreeing with the speaker represented by mihi, where Baumgarten prints loquuta. Williams translates the source readings and recasts the shut door's expulsion of bold words as the speaker seeing the door and losing his boast.

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[270] Tibullus, Elegies 1.5.5-6. Theodore C. Williams, The Elegies of Tibullus: Being the Consolations of a Roman Lover Done in English Verse (Boston and New York: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1908), Project Gutenberg eBook 9610. Source 1

Baumgarten prints adverb posthac as one word where the source edition has post haec, and changes punctuation. Williams compresses the commands to burn, twist, and tame the speaker into “Twist me! Plague me!” and renders magnificum in its contextual sense of a proud or grandiose boast.

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[271] Cicero, Pro Q. Roscio Comoedo 5. Charles Duke Yonge, The Orations of Marcus Tullius Cicero, vol. 1 (London: George Bell & Sons, 1903), Perseus Digital Library text. Source 1

Baumgarten stops after circumspicis, adds a comma, and turns the opening clause into a complete question. Cicero's source continues with the result clause ut ... petas, which explains the arrogance at issue. Yonge's full sentence is retained because its English syntax depends on that continuation; “magnificent opinion” renders the adverb magnifice.

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[272] Cicero, De inventione 2.163 (2.54). Charles Duke Yonge, De Inventione (London: Henry G. Bohn, 1853), Wikisource text. Source 1

Baumgarten omits Cicero's defining subject and copula, magnificentia est, and changes cogitatio (“consideration” or “thought”) to agitatio (“agitation” or “active handling”), besides adding commas. Yonge translates the received cogitatio and preserves the definition's explicit subject.

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[273] Cicero, De officiis 1.72. Walter Miller, De Officiis (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press; London: William Heinemann, 1913), Perseus Digital Library text. Source 1

Baumgarten omits autem, writes rempublicam and nihilominus as single words, and substitutes subjunctive sit for est. He also punctuates the period much more heavily. Miller's “greatness of spirit” and “indifference to outward circumstances” render magnificentia and despicientia rerum humanarum as coordinated qualities required in public life.

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Miller's translation was published in 1913 and is in the United States public domain. The Perseus canonical repository supplies the digital source file.

[274] Cicero, De officiis 1.92. Walter Miller, De Officiis (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press; London: William Heinemann, 1913), Perseus Digital Library text. Source 1

Baumgarten prints an ellipsis between praescripta and servantem, although the received sentence is continuous there. His final atque vitae hominum amice differs from the critically marked and textually doubtful † vere hominum amice printed by Miller's edition. Miller's “truth and charity toward all” reflects that edition's adopted wording and interpretation, not Baumgarten's variant.

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[275] Petronius, Satyricon 4. Michael Heseltine, Petronius (London: William Heinemann; New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1913), Perseus Digital Library text. Source 1

Petronius places these words inside an unreal condition and governs them with ut persuaderent. Baumgarten extracts the infinitive clause beginning with sibi and integrates it under his own reporting syntax. Heseltine's “fine” gives magnificum its evaluative sense in a critique of schoolboys' taste.

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[276] Horace, Odes 4.6.1-3. John Conington, The Odes and Carmen Saeculare of Horace (London: George Bell & Sons, 1882), Perseus Digital Library text. Source 1

Baumgarten ends the sentence after sensit, but Horace continues the list with Achilles, “Peleus' son.” Conington rearranges the Latin syntax and therefore introduces that third object before completing his stanza. His “vengeful might” conveys Apollo's role as vindex.

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[277] Horace, Satires 1.9.51-52. Christopher Smart, The Works of Horace, edited by Theodore Alois Buckley (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1863), Project Gutenberg eBook 14020. Source 1

Baumgarten reorders est locus uni cuique suus as Est suus unicuique locus, joins uni cuique, and replaces Horace's dialogue punctuation with separate declarative sentences. Smart supplies the first-person comparison (“than I am”) from the surrounding conversation at Maecenas's house.

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[278] Horace, Odes 4.9.41-44. John Conington, The Odes and Carmen Saeculare of Horace (London: George Bell & Sons, 1882), Perseus Digital Library text. Source 1

Baumgarten adds et before both reiecit and per obstantes, prints vultu for voltu and obstantes for obstantis, and alters capitalization and punctuation. Conington addresses Lollius directly and makes the alternatives explicit with “Or,” following the ode's larger second-person construction.

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[279] Cicero, Tusculan Disputations 2.11. Charles Duke Yonge, Tusculan Disputations (1877 edition), Attalus digital text. Source 1

Baumgarten omits enim, prints accusative plural fortes for the source spelling fortis and veteri for vetere, adds commas, and moves oratio before insedit. Yonge's “the bold” translates the proverb's accusative plural, while “soaring” interprets excelsum ... et altum.

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Yonge died in 1891, and this translation was published in the nineteenth century; it is in the United States public domain. Attalus provides the digital transcription and identifies the 1877 edition.

[280] Virgil, Aeneid 4.237. Theodore C. Williams, The Aeneid of Virgil (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1910), Perseus Digital Library text. Source 1

Baumgarten prints nuncius for nuntius and divides the single source sentence after Naviget. Williams expands the command to sail into “Let him to sea!” and understands hic ... nuntius as the message that Mercury, Jove's herald, must carry.

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[281] Virgil, Aeneid 4.281-291, with 4.283-287 omitted. Theodore C. Williams, The Aeneid of Virgil (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1910), Perseus Digital Library text. Source 1

Baumgarten skips the five verses in which Aeneas wonders how to approach Dido and turns over possible plans. More strikingly, he replaces Virgil's Serestum with the name Cloanthum. He also prints dulces for dulcis, removes enclitic -que from sociosque, writes caussa, changes the word order of quae rebus sit causa, and adds punctuation. Williams's continuous translation restores the omitted deliberation and names Serestus, following the received source.

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[282] Horace, Ars poetica 223-224. Christopher Smart, The Works of Horace, edited by Theodore Alois Buckley (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1863), Project Gutenberg eBook 14020. Source 1

Baumgarten begins with grata novitate and omits Horace's coordinated inlecebris erat et. Smart's “captivating shows” translates that omitted phrase, while “agreeable novelty” translates the words Baumgarten retains. Baumgarten also adds commas and capitalizes Spectator.

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[283] Horace, Epistles 2.1.183-188. Christopher Smart, The Works of Horace, edited by Theodore Alois Buckley (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1863), Project Gutenberg eBook 14020. Source 1

Baumgarten prints singular-dative equiti where the source has genitive equitis, and the substantive variant ingratos oculos (“ungrateful eyes”) where Horace has incertos oculos. Smart therefore translates the received text's “uncertain eye,” not Baumgarten's adjective. Baumgarten also changes capitalization and punctuation.

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[284] Pseudo-Longinus, On the Sublime 9.9, adapting Genesis 1:3. H. L. Havell, Longinus on the Sublime (London: Macmillan and Co., 1890), Wikisource scan. Source 1

Baumgarten's Sit ... et fuit follows the shortened form in Pseudo-Longinus, rather than the Vulgate's fiat lux et facta est lux. He also omits “God said.” Havell repeats “light” in English for clarity, although the Longinian Greek omits the second φῶς found in the Septuagint.

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Havell's translation was published in 1890 and is in the United States public domain. Wikisource identifies the scanned edition as public domain.

[285] John 19:30. The Holy Bible, King James Version (1611), Project Gutenberg eBook 10. Source 1

The perfect passive form τετέλεσται can be rendered more analytically as “it has been completed” or “it has been accomplished.” The King James Version supplies the compact traditional English equivalent that best matches Baumgarten's isolated word.

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[286] 1 Corinthians 15:28, quoted in its Vulgate form. The Holy Bible, King James Version (1611), Project Gutenberg eBook 10. Source 1

Baumgarten omits the purpose conjunction ut and lowercases deus. His retained subjunctive sit depends grammatically on wording outside the excerpt, whereas the King James Version's “that ... may be” preserves the source clause's explicit purpose construction.

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The King James Version was first published in 1611 and is in the United States public domain. Project Gutenberg records the ebook as free of known United States copyright restrictions.