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Alexander Gottlieb Baumgarten

Aesthetica

Interlinear Beta v2 · §§676–700

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§ 676

Naturam materiae suae dimensus iustus lucis et umbrae dispensator, § 667. attendat etiam internam eius turpitudinem vel pulcritudinem, § 203, 204. quatenus a cogitationum pulcritudine differens facit; ut pulcra turpiter, turpia pulcerrime cogitari possint, § 18. Quis enim dubitet, an pulcra turpitudinis imago, miscere debeat umbram et lucem aliter, ac non foeda solum pulcritudinis deformatio, sed etiam pulcra Veneris effigies? § 666. Formaliter pulcram foedissimae mulierculae picturam exhibens Ovidius, Am. I. 8. in aliis ferae ductibus,

The just distributor of light and shade, having measured the nature of his material, §667, should also attend to its internal ugliness or beauty, §§203–204, insofar as, differing from the beauty of thoughts, it makes it possible for beautiful things to be thought uglily and ugly things most beautifully, §18. Who would doubt that a beautiful image of ugliness ought to mix shade and light otherwise than not only an ugly deformation of beauty but also a beautiful image of Venus? §666. Ovid, exhibiting a formally beautiful picture of a most foul little woman, Amores I.8, says among other wild strokes:

Sourced quotation · Ovid [714]

Hanc, ait, ego nocturnas versam volitare per urbes
Suspicor, et pluma corpus anile tegi.
Suspicor, et fama est. Oculis quoque pupula duplex
Fulminat, et gemino lumen ab orbe venit.

"Her I suspect among night's spirits to fly,
And her old body in birds' plumes to lie.
Fame saith as I suspect; and in her eyes,
Two eyeballs shine, and double light thence flies."

Nonne hoc lumen, haec fulmina reticuisset in quavis matrona, quam laudare aggressus foret; etiamsi fuissent magis conspicua magis rubris in oculis, ac huius anus erant lacrimosa vino lumina?

Would he not have kept silent about this light, these flashes, in any matron whom he had undertaken to praise, even if they had been more conspicuous in redder eyes than were this old woman's "eyes watery with wine"?

§ 677

Denique materiae suae naturam prudenter perpendens, ut lucem et umbram caute dispenset, § 667. de eo sit sollicitus, an ea iam per se satis certa videatur, an fulgentibus demum ex rationibus omnem suam evidentiam sperare debeat, an theoretica sit eadem, an practica. § 576. In theoreticis enim et rebus eiusmodi, quae frustra probari, quarum rationes nequicquam recenseri videantur, multa nitere poterunt, quae vel omnino reiicienda, vel non nisi per umbras ostendenda sunt, ubi vel summa de veritate rei contentio, vel vehementiores animi commotiones excitandae praevidentur, § 661, 662. vel atrocissimas accusatoris criminationes in foro, vel praesentissimum vitae periculum inter latrones a capite suo depulsurus, quis

Finally, prudently weighing the nature of his material so as to distribute light and shade cautiously, §667, he should be concerned whether it already seems sufficiently certain in itself, or whether it must hope for all its evidentness only from shining reasons; whether it is theoretical or practical, §576. For in theoretical matters and matters of this sort, which seem vainly proved and whose reasons seem recounted to no purpose, many things may shine that should either be wholly rejected or shown only through shades, where either the highest contention about the truth of the thing is foreseen or more vehement movements of the soul must be excited, §§661–662. When someone is about to repel from his head either the most atrocious accusations of an accuser in court or the most present danger of life among robbers, who would

Sourced quotation · Virgil [715]

humum florentibus herbis
Spargeret? aut viridi fontes induceret umbra?

"or who with flowering herbs bestrewn the ground,
and o'er the fountains drawn a leafy veil?—"

§ 678

Cautus lucis et umbrae dispensator pro virili perpendet 2) naturam suam ipse, qualem § 150. descripsimus, dynamometria naturali, sed severa, § 457. cum considerata secundum § 667–677. materiae datae natura collatam. § 666, 622. Si quam vix agnoscit rem, ut primum iuxta stetit,

The cautious distributor of light and shade will, as far as he can, weigh 2) his own nature, as we described it in §150, by a natural but severe dynamometry, §457, compared with the nature of the given material considered according to §§667–677, §§666, 622. If he scarcely recognizes a thing when he first stands near it,

Sourced quotation · Virgil [716]

qualem primo quis surgere mense
Aut videt, aut vidisse putat per nubila lunam,

"As when, in her young month and crescent pale,
One sees th' o'er-clouded moon, or thinks he sees."

Aen. VI. 454.
eam numquam sibi leget, nec audebit exornare quam non posset, nisi fucis, illinere § 626. § 648. Praesertim hoc sibi dictum putet;

Aeneid VI.454, he will never choose it for himself, nor will he dare to adorn what he could only smear with false colorings, §§626, 648. Let him especially think this said to himself:

Sourced quotation · Juvenal [717]

Ad pugnam qui rhetorica descendit ab umbra.

"He therefore that quits the shadowy conflicts of rhetoric for the arena of real debate,"

Iuv. VII. 173.
et suae nonnunquam artis topicis, argumentis, figuris, flosculis, chriis, periodis, e. c. adeo confidit, ut quamcunque materiam sibi temere sumens, vel incidat in battologiam § 639. notatam, vel in fucos umbratiles, § 109.

Juvenal VII.173, and sometimes trusts so much in the topics, arguments, figures, little flowers, chriae, periods, etc. of his art that, rashly taking up any material whatever, he falls either into the battology noted in §639 or into shadowy false colorings, §109.

§ 679

Iustus lucis et umbrae dispensator ponderabit 3) naturam eorum, quorum potissimum in gratiam venuste cogitare decet et mens est. § 666, 623. Si vel maxime praeclarum in aestheticis ingenium

The just distributor of light and shade will weigh 3) the nature of those chiefly for whose sake it is fitting and intended to think gracefully, §§666, 623. Even if a talent most outstanding in aesthetic matters

Sourced quotation · Lucan [718]

Non sibi, sed toti genitum se credidit orbi;

"To risk his life, his all, as not for self
Brought into being, but for all the world:"

vix tamen inveniatur, quod omne genus mortalium sibi, pulcre cogitare dum volet, constituat obiectum personale, nullis inde praecipuis et propioribus lectis, vel minus animadvertendo, spectatoribus.

there will scarcely be found one that, when wishing to think beautifully, sets every kind of mortal as its personal object, with no principal and nearer spectators chosen or, through lesser attention, noticed.

Primae potius classis, inter venustos, auctores inscripserunt suos libros certis hominibus, ex quorum conditione metiri posses, quales ac quantos sibi lectores posuerint ob oculos, donec haec pulcra profecto consuetudo degeneravit in tritum dedicandi morem, ne dicam mercenarium.

Rather, first-class authors among the graceful have inscribed their books to definite persons, from whose condition you could measure what kind and how great readers they placed before their eyes, until this truly beautiful custom degenerated into the worn-out practice of dedication, not to say a mercenary one.

Quos sibi spectatores praesertim optat pulcre cogitaturus, horum naturam meditetur, uti suam, et materiae, easque comparatas inter se, quam fieri potest determinatissimis in circumstantibus et affectionibus, § 667, 678.

Whoever will think beautifully should meditate on the nature of the spectators he especially desires, as he does on his own and on that of the material, and on these compared with one another in circumstances and affections as determinate as possible, §§667, 678.

§ 680

Elegantiarum in cogitando studiosus, cui sinistra fortuna laborandum est, ut se miretur turba, non poterit eos omnino negligere, quibus flumen nescio quod, instar omnis perspicuitatis est, et, quaecunque significet, clarus tamen ac limpidus nominatur uno tenore

The student of elegances in thinking who, by adverse fortune, must labor so that the crowd marvels at him will not be able wholly to neglect those for whom some flow or other is the equivalent of all perspicuity, and who call "clear" and "limpid," whatever it may signify, a continuous speech in one tenor

Sourced quotation · Lucretius [719]

Perpetuus sermo, nigrae noctis ad umbram
Aurorae perductus ab exoriente nitore,
Praesertim si cum summo est clamore profusus,

"May be withdrawn by steady talk, prolonged
Even from the rising splendour of the morn
To shadows of black evening,—above all
If 't be outpoured with most exceeding shouts."

Lucr.

Lucretius IV.540.

IIII. 540.
Quibus dum satisfacit, quantum ubertas materiae, S. VIIII. quantum ingenii flumen, S. XII. quantum latera pulmonesque permiserint; § 678. non tamen pulcre eorum oblivisceretur in populo, quos non tam nugae, canorae quidem, sed inopes rerum delectant, quam locis speciosa et recte morata, si vel maxime veneribus aliis, pondere ac arte, destituerentur, § 226. melius istos attendit simul in populo, qui horum omnium aliquid desiderant. § 434.

While he satisfies them as far as the richness of the material, Section IX, the flow of talent, Section XII, and his sides and lungs permit, §678, he nevertheless would not beautifully forget among the people those who are delighted not so much by trifles, though tuneful, yet poor in substance, as by things splendid in their places and rightly moral, even if they lacked other charms, weight, and art, §226. He better attends at the same time among the people to those who desire something of all these things, §434.

§ 681

Cui datur esse contentum paucis lectoribus, sed saporis etiam magis eruditi, § 275. horum naturam, captum, genium, consuetudines, anticipationes, eo curatius inquirat, ut, quoniam una res, diversis ex lateribus, diversae luci potest ab eiusdem satis gnaro exponi: ea potissimum rei facies, illique luci obvertatur, quam spectatoribus exspectes fore iucundissimam.

One to whom it is granted to be content with few readers, but of more learned taste, §275, should inquire all the more carefully into their nature, capacity, genius, habits, and anticipations. Since one thing can be exposed by someone sufficiently knowledgeable from different sides to different light, that face of the thing should chiefly be turned toward that light which you expect will be most pleasant to the spectators.

Sic quaedam illustrationes aliquibus videbuntur tritae, ac proletariae, vel umbratiles et scholasticae, quae satis placerent aliis.

Thus some illustrations will seem worn out and plebeian, or shadowy and scholastic, to some, which would please others enough.

Quaedam his exoptatissimae captum illorum transcenderent, et nitoris loco minarentur caliginem, e. g. ex antiquitatibus, certis historiis, vel interiori naturae contemplatione desumendae. § 679, 666.

Some illustrations most desired by these would transcend the capacity of those and threaten darkness in place of brightness, for example illustrations drawn from antiquities, definite histories, or the deeper contemplation of nature, §§679, 666.

§ 682

Iustus lucis et umbrae dispensator per pulcram meditationem II. singulis eius partibus tantum umbrae vel lucis affundet, quantum requiritur, ut principales minus principalium non obscurentur luce, sed umbra collustrentur. § 666, 667. Haec est una ex principibus lucidae methodi regulis, quando ad huius tractationem deveniemus, uberius exponenda. § 13. Nunc eiusdem generali quadam idea contenti sumus, secundum quam e. g. 1) partem aliquam ex principalibus si iustus, quem quaerimus, dispensator, pulcriori luce perfudit, iamque timendum est, ne fatigatus spectatoris oculus caliget hinc immediate traducendus ad aliam potiorem adhuc, adeoque, maiore splendore dignam; imitator naturae sciat prioris partis

The just distributor of light and shade, through a beautiful meditation, II) will pour onto its individual parts only so much shade or light as is required so that principal parts are not obscured by the light of less principal parts, but illuminated by shade, §§666–667. This is one of the chief rules of lucid method, to be expounded more fully when we come to its treatment, §13. For now we are content with a certain general idea of it. According to this idea, for example, 1) if the just distributor we seek has poured a more beautiful light over some principal part, and now there is fear that the spectator's fatigued eye will grow dark when it must be led immediately from here to another still more important part, and therefore one worthy of greater splendor, the imitator of nature should know how, for the prior part,

Sourced quotation · Virgil [720]

Aestibus in mediis, umbrosam exquirere vallem,
Sicubi magna Iovis antiquo robore quercus
Ingentis tendat ramos, aut sicubi nigrum
Ilicibus crebris sacra nemus accubet umbra,

"But at day's hottest seek a shadowy vale,
Where some vast ancient-timbered oak of Jove
Spreads his huge branches, or where huddling black
Ilex on ilex cowers in awful shade."

Georg. III. v. 330.
quia recreatus ipse cum suis ad novam lucem prodeat, § 637. Aeneidos l. V. est hanc ob caussam interiecta umbra libris quarto et sexto. § 634, 635.

Georgics III.330, so that he himself, refreshed with his audience, may come forth to a new light, §637. For this reason Book V of the Aeneid is an inserted shade between the fourth and sixth books, §§634–635.

§ 683

2) Quo propius abest a parte totius suae meditationis primaria, hinc summam lucem postulante cautus imitator naturae, de quo loquimur, hoc magis umbra contrahit, quemadmodum minimas meridies habet, 3) si devenerit in eas partes, in quibus vel singularis dignitas magnanimiter, vel evidentior persuasio solidius, vel vehementior animi motus ardenter exprimendus est, sane, non perdet otium pingentibus tantum

2) The nearer the cautious imitator of nature of whom we speak is to a primary part of his whole meditation, and therefore to one demanding the greatest light, the more he contracts shade, just as midday has the smallest shadows. 3) If he has come to those parts in which either singular dignity must be expressed magnanimously, or more evident persuasion more solidly, or a more vehement movement of the soul more ardently, he certainly will not waste leisure merely painting

Sourced quotation · Virgil [721]

Spargere humum foliis, inducere fontibus umbram,

"Now, O ye shepherds, strew the ground with leaves,
and o'er the fountains draw a shady veil—"

§ 670, 677. ante quam autem ad has fortiores decertationes deventum est, aut, ubi pulcer ordo maioribus earum vocibus, veluti per concentus musicos, alicuius intervalli silentium imposuit § 682. tunc ille meminit Veneris, § 665.

§§670, 677. But before these stronger contests have been reached, or where beautiful order, as if through musical harmonies, has imposed an interval of silence on their greater voices, §682, then he remembers Venus, §665,

Sourced quotation · Ovid [722]

assuetae semper in umbra
Indulgere sibi, formamque augere colendo,

"And in the shadowe woont shee was to rest continually,
And for to set her beawtye out most seemely to the eye
By trimly decking of her self."

Ov. Met. X. 534.

Ovid, Metamorphoses X.534.

§ 684

Iustus lucis et umbrae dispensator 4) iam etiam perspicuitatis caussa tenebitur nullam rem temere cogitare, velut abstractissimam et minime determinatam, quam non solum interne determinatiorem licet animo formare, sed etiam umbra quadam comitari; § 440. Pulcre, Maecenas si sistendus est, adducit quasdam umbras, uti apud Horatium serm. II. 8, 21.

The just distributor of light and shade 4) will now also, for the sake of perspicuity, be bound not to think any thing rashly as if it were most abstract and least determinate when it is permissible not only to form it more determinately within the mind, but also to accompany it with a certain shade, §440. Beautifully, if Maecenas is to be presented, Horace introduces certain "shades" in Satires II.8.21,

Sourced quotation · Horace [723]

cum Servilio Balatrone
Vibidium.

"with Servilius Balatro, Vibidius, whom Maecenas had brought along with him, unbidden guests."

Pulcre virtus si pingitur, eam, tanquam umbra, sequatur gloria, etsi haec nihil in se habet, cur expetatur. § 212.

Beautifully, if virtue is painted, let glory follow it as a shade, even if glory has nothing in itself for which it should be sought, §212.

Sourced quotation · Cicero [724]

Totus hic locus si contemnendus est in nobis, non est negligendus in nostris.

All that has been said of burying, is not worth our regard with respect to ourselves, though it is not to be neglected as to our friends, provided we are thoroughly aware that the dead are insensible;,

Cic. tusc. quaest.

Cicero, Tusculan Disputations I.15.

I. 15. Ne turpis quidem Canidia Horatio est sine umbrarum magna comitante caterva. § 676.

Not even ugly Canidia is without a great accompanying crowd of shades in Horace, §676:

Sourced quotation · Horace [725]

Singula quid memorem? quo pacto alterna loquentes
Umbrae cum Sagana resonarint triste et acutum?

"Why should I mention every particular? viz. in what manner, speaking alternately with Sagana, the ghosts uttered dismal and piercing shrieks;"

Hor. Serm.

Horace, Satires I.8.40.

I. 8. 40.
Haec iusta lucis et umbrae dispensatio non est unum ex primis et facillimis artificium; sicuti nec fuit in pictura, nec esse quotidianis adhuc documentis comprobatur. § 666, 682.

This just distribution of light and shade is not one of the first and easiest arts; just as it was not in painting, and is still proved not to be so by daily examples, §§666, 682.

§ 685

Sourced quotation · Quintilian [726]

Prima non erat pictura, nisi quae lineas modo extremas umbrae, quam corpora in sole fecissent, circumscriberet,

We should still be sailing on rafts, and the art of painting would be restricted to tracing a line round a shadow thrown in the sunlight.,

Quint. X. 2.

Quintilian X.2.

Sourced quotation · Pliny the Elder (the concordance shortens the label to “Pliny”) [727]

Secundam affirmant esse, singulis coloribus, et monochromaton dictam, postquam operosior inventa erat.

The first stage of the art, they say, was this, the second stage being the employment of single colours; a process known as "monochromaton," after it had become more complicated, and which is still in use at the present day.,

Plin. hist. nat. XXXV. 3.

Pliny, Natural History XXXV.3.

Sourced quotation · Pliny the Elder [728]

Tandem se ars ipsa distinxit, et invenit lumen atque umbras, differentia colorum alterna vice sese excitante. Deinde adiectus est splendor, alius hic, quam lumen, quem quia inter hoc et umbram esset, appellaverunt tonon.

The art of painting at last became developed, in the invention of light and shade, the alternating contrast of the colours serving to heighten the effect of each. At a later period, again, lustre was added, a thing altogether different from light. The gradation between lustre and light on the one hand and shade on the other, was called "tonos;",

C. 5.

chapter 5.

§ 686

Pars imaginis clarissima lumen, obscurissima umbra dicitur per eminentiam, inter has cauta dispensatione, quam hucusque commendavimus, nascitur splendor ille, qui TONUS dicitur. § 685. Sic hoc idem, quod est in naturis rerum,

The clearest part of an image is called light, the darkest shade, by eminence; between these, by the cautious distribution commended thus far, that splendor is born which is called TONE, §685. Thus this same thing which exists in the natures of things

Sourced quotation · Cicero [729]

transferri potest etiam ad artes,

But the same observation which is to be made in regard to nature may be applied also to the different kinds of art.,

e. g.

for example

Sourced quotation · Cicero [730]

fingendi, picturae, et, si hoc in his quasi mutis artibus est mirandum, et tamen verum, quanto admirabilius in oratione atque in lingua?

Sculpture is a single art, in which Myron, Polyclitus, and Lysippus excelled; all of whom differed one from another, but so that you would not wish any one of them to be unlike himself. The art and science of painting is one, yet Zeuxis, Aglaophon, and Apelles are quite unlike one another in themselves, though to none of them does anything seem lacking in his particular style. And if this be wonderful, and yet true, in these, as it were, mute arts, how much more wonderful is it in language and speech?

Cic. de or. III. 26. Habet illa

Cicero, De oratore III.26. That highest praise and admiration in speaking has

Sourced quotation · Cicero [731]

in dicendo summa laus ac admiratio umbram aliquam et recessum, quo magis id, quod illuminatum est, exstare atque eminere videatur.

But this high excellence and merit in speaking should be accompanied by some portions of shade and dimness, so that the part on which a stronger light is thrown may seem to stand out, and become more prominent..

§ 687

Hinc et artificium umbram et lucem bene dispensandi nec sine doctrina quadam solet obtineri, nec observari, ubi adhibitum est, nisi a peritis et disciplina eo pertinente satis imbutis. § 685.

Hence the artifice of distributing shade and light well is usually neither obtained without a certain doctrine nor observed, where it is applied, except by experts and those sufficiently imbued with the relevant discipline, §685.

Sourced quotation · Cicero [732]

Quam multa vident pictores in umbra et in eminentia, quae nos non videmus?

How many things do painters see in shadows and in projections which we do not see?

Cic. quaest. ac.

Cicero, Academica IV.20.

IIII. 20. Plinius suum de laudibus Traiani librum mittens Voconio per brevissimam epistolam III. 13. huius tantum regulae mentionem iniicit:

Pliny, sending his book on the praises of Trajan to Voconius in a very brief letter, III.13, mentions only this rule:

Sourced quotation · Pliny the Younger [733]

Ut in pictura lumen, non alia res magis, quam umbra, commendat: ita orationem tam summittere, quam attollere decet.

For, just as in painting there is nothing like shadow to bring out the effect of light, so in a speech it is as important on occasions to reduce the treatment to an ordinary level as to raise it to a high one..

Nec intuitu dignitatis tantum, sed etiam varie figurando. § 619. Hinc votum eius:

And not only with respect to dignity, but also by varied figuration, §619. Hence his wish:

Sourced quotation · Pliny the Younger [734]

Utinam ordo saltim et transitus figurae simul spectarentur a lectore!

I wish that people would pay equal regard to the arrangement of the speech, to its transitions, and the figures of speech employed.

§ 682.

§682.

Sourced quotation · Pliny the Younger [735]

Nam invenire praeclare, enunciare magnifice interdum etiam barbari solent: disponere apte, figurare varie, nisi eruditis, negatum est.

For even the unlearned sometimes manage to get a noble inspiration and express it in powerful language, but skilful arrangement and variety of metaphor are only attained by the scholarly..

§ 688

SECTIO XXXXI
COLORES AESTHETICI
Quemadmodum in physicis color est modificatio visae lucis: ita modificationes lucis aestheticae, § 614. sunt COLORES AESTHETICI.

SECTION XXXXI
AESTHETIC COLORS
Just as in physics color is a modification of seen light, so modifications of aesthetic light, §614, are AESTHETIC COLORS.

Huc propius non spectat color de quo § 545. licet nonnunquam probando, simul illustrans, esse possit in coloribus nunc nostris. § 142, 143. Huc pertinet quidem tonus ille, de quo § 685. non tamen exhaurit colores omnes aestheticos, sicuti iam non amplius tentabit temere quisquam physicorum omnes colores derivare ex quadam miscela lucis et umbrae, albi et nigri, materiae et privationis.

The color mentioned in §545 does not more closely belong here, although sometimes, by proving and at the same time illustrating, it can be among our present colors, §§142–143. The tone mentioned in §685 does belong here, yet it does not exhaust all aesthetic colors, just as no physicist will now rashly try to derive all colors from some mixture of light and shade, white and black, matter and privation.

Minime omnium huc pertinet FUCUS AESTHETICUS, affectata, § 110. vividitas, § 626, 627. Veneris nunc nostrae, § 665. est

Least of all does AESTHETIC FALSE COLORING belong here: an affected vividness, §§110, 626–627. Of our present Venus, §665, there is

Sourced quotation · Terence [736]

Verus color, corpus solidum et succi plenum.

"Her complexion genuine, her flesh firm and full of juiciness."

§ 619, 622. Ter. Eun. II. 3.

§§619, 622, Terence, Eunuch II.3.

§ 689

Omnes hoc colores commune inter se habeant aesthetici, ut iis pingenda dilucide saltim cogitentur, § 648, 625.

All aesthetic colors should have this in common: that the things to be painted by them be thought at least clearly, §§648, 625.

Sourced quotation · Lucretius [737]

Qualis enim caecis poterit color esse tenebris,
Lumine qui mutatur in ipso propterea, quod
Recta aut obliqua percussus luce refulget?

"Truly, what kind of colour could there be
In the viewless dark? Nay, in the light itself
A colour changes, gleaming variedly,
When smote by vertical or slanting ray."

Lucr.

Lucretius II.800.

II. 800.
Obiter hic quaeritur, an non Lucretius iam viderit veram colorum genesin, diversum refractionis gradum.

Incidentally one may ask here whether Lucretius had already seen the true genesis of colors, the different degree of refraction.

Quemadmodum modificationes omnes vel qualitatum sunt, vel quantitatum, vel utrarumque simul: sic et colores aesthetici primo qualitate differunt, deinde quodvis hac ratione discrepantium colorum genus habet denuo suam quantitatem, ut, ita dicam, specificam, qua variata novus semper novusque partialiter color producatur, et ita videas totius alicuius

Just as all modifications are of qualities, quantities, or both at once, so aesthetic colors first differ in quality; then every genus of colors differing in this respect has again its own, so to speak, specific quantity, by whose variation a new and ever new partial color is produced. Thus in some whole's "one and pure brightness," §619, you see

Sourced quotation · Lucretius [738]

in quovis uno puroque nitore, § 619.
Dissimiles longe inter se variosque colores.

"(Or in whatever one pure sheen thou wilt)
Colours diverse and all dissimilar."

§ 688. Lucr.

§688, Lucretius II.783.

II. 783. qua iucundam in unitate totius varietatem partium exhibentes

By exhibiting a pleasant variety of parts in the unity of the whole,

Sourced quotation · Lucretius [739]

varii rerum impediunt prohibentque
colores,
Quo minus esse uno possit res tota nitore.

"But differing hues of things do block and keep
The whole from being of one resultant hue."

Lucr.
per aequalem monotoniam minus placituro. § 688.

Lucretius, through an equal monotony that would please less, §688.

§ 690

Quemadmodum autem pictura monochromatos singulis coloribus usa non obstante sua simplicitate, tum primum placuit, tum durat etiam nunc, et in maiore saepe pretio est, quam coloribus satis superque variegata, cuius sola laus sit colorum varietas: ita et colores aestheticos qualitate differentes in omni pulcra meditatione plures sectari, aut omnino numerosam eorundem semper aucupari multitudinem opus non est. § 685. Sit quibusdam pulcre cogitandis, praesertim brevioribus, unus tantum color respectu qualitatis, sed verus et naturalis, § 688. quantitate differens ex iusta lucis et umbrae dispensatione, § 666. aequabiliter ubique materiae temperatus § 267. satis venusta potest esse cogitandi ratio per omnem cogitationis decursum una regnans, e. g. nunc aspera, nunc lenis, nunc submissa, nunc elata, nunc tristis, nunc ludicra. § 688.

But just as monochrome painting, using single colors, first pleased despite its simplicity, and endures even now, and is often of greater value than a painting variegated more than enough with colors whose only praise is variety of colors; so it is not necessary in every beautiful meditation to pursue many aesthetic colors differing in quality, or always to hunt for a numerous multitude of them, §685. In some beautiful thoughts, especially shorter ones, there may be only one color with respect to quality, but true and natural, §688, differing in quantity from the just distribution of light and shade, §666, everywhere tempered equably to the material, §267. A single manner of thinking reigning through the whole course of thought can be sufficiently graceful: now rough, now gentle, now subdued, now elevated, now sad, now playful, §688.

§ 691

Sicuti

Just as

Sourced quotation · Pliny the Elder (the concordance shortens the label to “Pliny”) [740]

quatuor coloribus solis immortalia opera fecere Apelles, Echion, Melanthius, Nicomachus, clarissimi pictores, quum tabulae eorum singulae oppidorum venirent opibus: Plinii autem, per aetatem, purpuris in parietes migrantibus et India conferente fluminum suorum limum et draconum et elephantorum saniem, nulla nobilis pictura erat:

It was with four colours only, that Apelles, Echion, Melanthius, and Nicomachus, those most illustrous painters, executed their immortal works; melinum for the white, Attic sil for the yellow, Pontic sinopis for the red, and atramentum for the black; and yet a single picture of theirs has sold before now for the treasures of whole cities. But at the present day, when purple is employed for colouring walls even, and when India sends to us the slime of her rivers, and the corrupt blood of her dragons and her elephants, there is no such thing as a picture of high quality produced.,

Hist. nat. XXXV. 7. sic nec in ea pulcra meditatione, quae quosdam colores, etiam qualitate differentes coniungit, horum tam quaeratur copia variationisque prodigium, quam ut, pauciores forte, tamen alterna vice sese excitent, qui adhibentur, aptumque naturis pingendorum tonon servent, § 685. neque coactas habeant colorum commissuras ac transitus, nec affectatam ἁρμογήν. § 688. Plin. hist. nat. XXXV. c. 5.

Natural History XXXV.7; so also in a beautiful meditation that joins certain colors, even colors differing in quality, one should not seek so much abundance and a prodigy of variation as that the colors used, perhaps fewer, nevertheless excite one another by alternate turn and preserve the tone suited to the natures of the things to be painted, §685. They should have no forced joints and transitions of colors, nor an affected ἁρμογή, §688; Pliny, Natural History XXXV.5.

§ 692

Uti physicorum colorum, non eorum primitivorum solum, sed etiam derivativorum, non simplicium solum, sed etiam compositorum, et decompositorum praesertim si primitivorum et cognominum, e. g. rubri, silacei, viridis, caerulei gradus simul attendas, classes sunt indefinitae, in omnibus tamen maior nunc extensive, nunc intensive, qua robur et celeritatem, lucis quantitas genericam specificamque differentiam vel constituit, vel saltim ingreditur: § 689. sic et aestheticorum colorum cum qualitate differentium, § 690. tum gradu lucis et toni diversorum tot ordines paene sunt, quot rerum naturae, ac modi in rebus ac fines, quos ultra citraque nequeat vera lux subsistere, nec verus color.

As the classes of physical colors, not only primitive but also derivative, not only simple but also composite and decomposite, especially if you attend at the same time to the degrees of primitive and cognate colors, for example red, ocher, green, and blue, are indefinite, yet in all of them a greater quantity of light, now extensive, now intensive, with respect to strength and speed, either constitutes or at least enters the generic and specific difference, §689; so too there are almost as many orders of aesthetic colors differing both in quality, §690, and in degree of light and tone as there are natures of things, modes in things, and ends beyond and short of which true light and true color cannot subsist.

Modificationum tamen harum omnium differentias etiam certa lucis aestheticae quantitas ingreditur. § 688.

Yet a definite quantity of aesthetic light enters the differences of all these modifications, §688.

§ 693

Quoniam itaque completam colorum enumerationem nemo temere suscipiat: subsistamus in divisione pliniana: Hist. nat. XXXV. 6.

Since, therefore, no one should rashly undertake a complete enumeration of colors, let us stand with Pliny's division, Natural History XXXV.6:

Sourced quotation · Pliny the Elder (the concordance shortens the label to “Pliny”) [741]

Sunt autem colores aut austeri, aut floridi.

Colours are either sombre or florid, these qualities arising either from the nature of the substances or their mode of combination..

Concipiamus scalam toni a nigerrimis umbris, quas admittat lux aesthetica absoluta, § 617. per diversos colorum aestheticorum gradus et ordines ad candidissimum usque nitorem aestheticum, § 619. In hac scala erit quidam tonus medius.

Let us conceive a scale of tone from the blackest shades admitted by absolute aesthetic light, §617, through the different degrees and orders of aesthetic colors, up to the whitest aesthetic brightness, §619. On this scale there will be a certain middle tone.

COLORES infra medium tonum subsistentes AUSTERI sunt, eum transcendentes FLORIDI.

COLORS remaining below the middle tone are AUSTERE; those transcending it are FLORID.

§ 694

Quanquam itaque reiicimus genus cogitandi plane horridum, § 634. tamen potest in ipsis venustis meditationibus locum suum tenere hinc recte conceptum GENUS COGITANDI HORRIDULUM ac austerum, in quo color vel colores austeri regnant, § 690, 693. comparandum illi

Although, therefore, we reject the plainly rough kind of thinking, §634, nevertheless in graceful meditations themselves there can rightly hold its place a correctly conceived SOMEWHAT ROUGH and austere KIND OF THINKING, in which an austere color or austere colors reign, §§690, 693. It is to be compared with that

Sourced quotation · Cicero [742]

picturae horridae, incultae, abditae ac opacae, in suo tamen genere praestanti,

Thus also in painting, some are pleased with a rough, a wild, and a dark and cloudy style; while others prefer that which is clear, and lively, and well covered with light. How then shall we strike out a general rule or model, when there are several manners, and each of them has a certain perfection of its own?,

§ 624. opponitur isti GENUS COGITANDI FLORIDUM, in quo color vel colores floridi regnant, s. potiores sunt, aut unici, comparandum illi picturae nitidae, laetae atque collustratae, non minus praestanti in suo genere, § 624.

§624. Opposed to it is the FLORID KIND OF THINKING, in which a florid color or florid colors reign, or are the more important or the only ones; this is to be compared with that bright, cheerful, and illuminated painting, no less excellent in its own kind, §624.

§ 695

Horridulum cogitandi genus non excludit aut horret lucem aestheticam et perspicuitatem sensitivam, immo ne nitorem quidem omnem, sed tantum maiorem, § 694, 693. Potest esse, quod Antonius ait de Crassi oratione rhetorica, Cic. Or. III. 51. de horridis rebus nitidum, de ieiunis plenum, de pervulgatis novum.

The somewhat rough kind of thinking neither excludes nor shudders at aesthetic light and sensory perspicuity, indeed not even at every brightness, but only at the greater brightness, §§694, 693. It can be what Antonius says of Crassus' rhetorical speech in Cicero, De oratore III.51: bright about rough things, full about lean things, new about common things.

Horridarum interim rerum verus ac naturalis color non est, nisi austerus, et fucum faceret florida rerum horridarum cogitatio, § 688. Crassi nitet oratio, sed quantum nitere potest genus cogitandi aestheticodogmaticum, quod comparatum aestheticohistoricis, aut omnino poeticis, horridulum semper est ac austerum, § 671, 566.

Meanwhile the true and natural color of rough things is only austere, and florid thinking about rough things would make false coloring, §688. Crassus' speech shines, but as much as the aesthetic-dogmatic kind of thinking can shine, which, compared with aesthetic-historical or wholly poetic kinds, is always somewhat rough and austere, §§671, 566.

§ 696

Austeram habes apud Virgilium Aen. IV. 247. descriptionem

You have an austere description in Virgil, Aeneid IV.247, of

Sourced quotation · Virgil [743]

Atlantis duri, caelum qui vertice fulcit;
Atlantis, cinctum assidue cui nubibus atris
Piniferum caput, et vento pulsatur et imbri,
Nix humeros infusa tegit, tum flumina mento
Praecipitant senis, et glacie riget horrida
barba.

"the summit and the sides precipitous
of stubborn Atlas, whose star-pointing peak
props heaven; of Atlas, whose pine-wreathed brow
is girdled evermore with misty gloom
and lashed of wind and rain; a cloak of snow
melts on his shoulder; from his aged chin
drop rivers, and ensheathed in stiffening ice
glitters his great grim beard."

Mox autem Aeneae floridam, § 694. v. 261.

Soon, however, there is a florid description of Aeneas, §694, v.261:

Sourced quotation · Virgil [744]

Atque illi stellatus iaspide fulva
Ensis erat, tyrioque ardebat murice laena
Demissa ex humeris, dives quae munera Dido
Fecerat, et tenui telas discreverat auro.

"at his side
was girt a blade with yellow jaspers starred,
his mantle with the stain of Tyrian shell
flowed purple from his shoulder, broidered fair
by opulent Dido with fine threads of gold,
her gift of love;"

Ut hic colores iuxta se proxime positarum imaginum sese alterna vice excitant?

How here the colors of images placed nearest to each other excite one another by alternate turn!

In commissuris eorum ac transitu quam naturalis est ἁρμογή? § 691.

How natural is the ἁρμογή in their joints and transition, §691!

§ 697

Austeram iungamus ex Ovidio descriptionem Boreae sibi coniugem rapientis, Met. VI. 702.

Let us join from Ovid an austere description of Boreas carrying off a wife for himself, Metamorphoses VI.702:

Sourced quotation · Ovid [745]

Excussit pennas, quarum iactatibus omnis
Afflata est tellus, latumque perhorruit aequor,
Pulvereamque trahens per summa cacumina
pallam
Verrit humum, pavidamque metu, caligine
tectus,
Orithyian amans fulvis amplectitur alis.

And now impetuous Boreas, having howled
resounding words, unrolled his rustling wings—
that fan the earth and ruffle the wide sea—
and, swiftly wrapping untrod mountain peaks
in whirling mantles of far-woven dust,
thence downward hovered to the darkened world;
and, canopied in artificial night
of swarthy overshadowing wings, caught up
the trembling Orithyia to his breast:

Floridam Aeneae descriptionem aliam v. § 662. Utrumque coloris genus quasi e longinquo, qua solet, brevitate Tacitus ostendit, quando narrat

For another florid description of Aeneas, see §662. Tacitus shows both kinds of color, as it were from far off and with his customary brevity, when he narrates that

Sourced quotation · Tacitus [746]

Pharasmanem simul horridam suorum aciem, picta auro Medorum agmina, hinc viros, inde praedam, ostendere,

He pointed, as he spoke, to his own menacing array, and to the Median bands with their golden embroidery; warriors, as he said, on one side, spoil on the other.,

Ann. VI. 34.

Annals VI.34.

§ 698

Utrumque colorum aestheticorum genus vel pingitur in rebus naturalibus, quatenus a moralibus distinguuntur, vel in moralibus deprehenditur.

Each kind of aesthetic color is either painted in natural things, insofar as they are distinguished from moral things, or is found in moral things.

Horum verus ac naturalis color dabit tertiam ἤθους speciem, § 195, 495. qua moratum cogitandi genus, § 226. moribus characteribusque personarum, actionum, e. c. moralibus non dilucide solum exprimendis sufficiat, sed cuilibet etiam ex his eum locum, eum tonum, id lucis et umbrae temperamentum, eum colorem tribuere noverit, qui decet, § 195. Ita primum apparenti cuiusdam virtutis personae convenient austeri colores et genus cogitandi horridulum, omnis virtutis decor verus ac naturalis, at interior colores et genus cogitandi floridum admittit.

The true and natural color of moral things will give the third species of ἤθους, §§195, 495, by which the moralized kind of thinking, §226, suffices not only for clearly expressing the moral manners and characters of persons, actions, and so forth, but also knows how to assign to each of these that place, tone, temperament of light and shade, and color which is fitting, §195. Thus austere colors and a somewhat rough kind of thinking will suit the first appearance of the person of some virtue, the true and natural beauty of every virtue; but the interior admits florid colors and a florid kind of thinking.

Primum apparenti vitiorum quorundam laruae colores floridi laetumque cogitandi genus ac collustratum conveniunt; omnium vitiorum internae turpitudini colores austeri genusque cogitandi subfuscum, § 676, 694.

Florid colors and a cheerful and illuminated kind of thinking suit the first-appearing mask of certain vices; but austere colors and a dusky kind of thinking suit the inner ugliness of all vices, §§676, 694.

§ 699

Videamus insigne exemplum in Horatii III. oda 24. ubi 1) luxuriam, uti primum apparet, genere cogitandi florido describens:

Let us see a notable example in Horace, Ode III.24, where 1) describing luxury as it first appears by a florid kind of thinking, he says:

Sourced quotation · Horace [747]

Intactis opulentior
Thesauris Arabum et divitis Indiae
Caementis licet occupes
Tyrrhenum omne tuis et mare Apulicum;

"Though your buried wealth surpass
The unsunn'd gold of Ind or Araby,
Though with many a ponderous mass
You crowd the Tuscan and Apulian sea,";

statim subausterus verum huius vitii statum interiorem pingit:

immediately, somewhat austere, he paints the true inner state of this vice:

Sourced quotation · Horace [748]

Si figit adamantinos
Summis verticibus dira Necessitas
Clavos: non animum metu,
Non mortis laqueis expedias caput.

"Let Necessity but drive
Her wedge of adamant into that proud head,
Vainly battling will you strive
To 'scape Death's noose, or rid your soul of dread."

Pergit eadem austeritate morum magis innocentium externum habitum primo apparentem horridius describere, v. 8–28. redit adhuc horridulus ad interiorem luxuriae deformitatem sistendam ob oculos, v. 29–44.

He continues with the same austerity to describe the first-appearing external habit of more innocent manners more roughly, vv.8–28, and returns still somewhat roughly to place before the eyes the inner deformity of luxury, vv.29–44.

§ 700

Iam autem temperantiam suasurus ex vera huius virtutis natura, licet plerosque latente, divitiis renunciare iubet, subito floridus:

But now, about to recommend temperance from the true nature of this virtue, though hidden from most, he suddenly becomes florid and orders riches to be renounced:

Sourced quotation · Horace [749]

Vel nos in Capitolium,
Quo clamor vocat et turba faventium,
Vel nos in mare proximum
Gemmas et lapides, aurum et inutile,
Summi materiem mali,
Mittamus.

"Let the Capitolian fane,
The favour'd goal of yon vociferous crowd,
Aye, or let the nearest main
Receive our gold, our jewels rich and proud:
Slay we thus the cause of crime,"

Probe praevidet, quam absonum hoc, quicquid erat consilii, debeat apparere potentiorum civium plurimis.

He foresees well how discordant this counsel, whatever it was, must appear to most of the more powerful citizens.

Hinc sua se denuo virtute involvens illud probat austerus:

Hence, wrapping himself again in his virtue, he proves it austerely:

Sourced quotation · Horace [750]

Scelerum si bene poenitet,
Eradenda cupidinis
Pravi sunt elementa, et tenerae nimis
Mentes asperioribus
Firmandae studiis.

"Slay we thus the cause of crime,
If yet we would repent and choose the good:
Ours the task to take in time
This baleful lust, and crush it in the bud.
Ours to mould our weakling sons
To nobler sentiment and manlier deed:"

Quoniam autem desperare videtur de consiliorum suorum fructu in severa austeraque vitiorum intus et in cute male sanorum imagine conquiescit. § 698.

But since he seems to despair of the fruit of his counsels, he rests in the severe and austere image of vices diseased inside and on the skin, §698.

Sources and textual notes

[714] Ovid, Amores 1.8.13-16. Christopher Marlowe, All Ovid's Elegies, in The Works of Christopher Marlowe, ed. A. H. Bullen, vol. 3 (London: John C. Nimmo, 1885), “Elegia VIII,” Online Library of Liberty PDF. Source 1

Baumgarten inserts the reporting verb ait after Hanc and replaces Ovid's umbras (“shadows”) with urbes (“cities”), materially changing the night-flight image. He also inserts a comma after the first Suspicor and changes capitalization. Marlowe translates Ovid's unaltered text; his “night's spirits” therefore reflects umbras, not Baumgarten's urbes.

Reuse information

Marlowe died in 1593, and Bullen's edition was published in 1885. The Online Library of Liberty edition expressly identifies the text as public domain.

[715] Virgil, Eclogues 9.19-20. James Rhoades, The Poems of Vergil (London: Oxford University Press, 1921), “Eclogue IX,” Perseus Digital Library text. Source 1

Baumgarten removes quis caneret nymphas; quis (“who would sing the nymphs; who”), leaving the first retained phrase without its interrogative subject. He replaces Virgil's comma after spargeret with a question mark, capitalizes Spargeret, and thereby presents the two retained images as separately punctuated questions. Rhoades translates the source's complete grammatical construction and single question.

Reuse information

Rhoades's translation was published in 1921 and is in the United States public domain. The linked Perseus canonical-repository file identifies the translator and edition.

[716] Virgil, Aeneid 6.453-454. Theodore C. Williams, The Aeneid of Virgil (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1910), Perseus Digital Library text. Source 1

Baumgarten begins after Virgil's obscuram (“dim” or “obscure”), changes relative qui to indefinite quis, and capitalizes Aut. Williams renders the source simile freely; the selected lines cover the retained comparison, while his preceding “through the murky gloom” helps carry the omitted context.

Reuse information

Williams's translation was published in 1910 and is in the United States public domain. The linked Perseus canonical-repository file identifies the translator and edition.

[717] Juvenal, Satires 7.173. Lewis Evans, “Juvenal, Satire 7” (1889 translation), formatted and annotated by C. Chinn (2007), Pomona College source page. Source 1

The wording is exact apart from Baumgarten's initial capital and full stop in place of Juvenal's continuing comma. Evans's “therefore” represents Ergo at the beginning of the preceding source sentence, while his “shadowy conflicts of rhetoric” and “arena of real debate” freely unpack the line's contrast.

Reuse information

Evans's translation was published in 1889 and is in the United States public domain. The linked page identifies the translator and date.

[718] Lucan, Pharsalia (Civil War) 2.383. Sir Edward Ridley, Pharsalia (London: Longmans, Green, and Co., 1905), Perseus Digital Library text. Source 1

Lucan's infinitive credere completes the preceding account of Cato's settled rule of life. Baumgarten changes it to the finite perfect credidit, substitutes Non for Nec and orbi for mundo, and changes the punctuation. Ridley translates the continuous source construction rather than Baumgarten's new independent statement.

Reuse information

Ridley's translation was published in 1905 and is in the United States public domain. The linked Perseus canonical-repository file identifies the translator and edition.

[719] Lucretius, De rerum natura 4.537-539. William Ellery Leonard, De Rerum Natura (New York: E. P. Dutton, 1916), Perseus Digital Library text. Source 1

Baumgarten normalizes Lucretius's archaic genitive nigrai to nigrae and expands contracted summost to summo est. He also inserts a comma after sermo, changes line-initial capitalization, and replaces the source full stop with a comma. Leonard begins with “May be withdrawn” because the governing verb occurs in Lucretius 4.536, immediately before Baumgarten's excerpt.

Reuse information

Leonard's translation was published in 1916 and is in the United States public domain. The linked Perseus canonical-repository file identifies the translator and edition.

[720] Virgil, Georgics 3.331-334. James Rhoades, The Poems of Vergil (London: Oxford University Press, 1921), “Georgics,” Perseus Digital Library text. Source 1

Baumgarten replaces Virgil's adversative at (“but”) with the preposition in, inserts a comma after mediis, changes line-initial capitalization, and substitutes a terminal comma for the source semicolon. Rhoades translates Virgil's unaltered at with “But” and turns sicubi into the repeated “Where.”

Reuse information

Rhoades's translation was published in 1921 and is in the United States public domain. The linked Perseus canonical-repository file identifies the translator and edition.

[721] Virgil, Eclogues 5.40. James Rhoades, The Poems of Vergil (London: Oxford University Press, 1921), “Eclogue V,” Perseus Digital Library text. Source 1

Baumgarten changes Virgil's plural imperatives Spargite and inducite to infinitives Spargere and inducere, and changes plural umbras to singular umbram. Rhoades retains the imperative force; his “shepherds” renders pastores at the start of Virgil's following line, which Baumgarten does not quote.

Reuse information

Rhoades's translation was published in 1921 and is in the United States public domain. The linked Perseus canonical-repository file identifies the translator and edition.

[722] Ovid, Metamorphoses 10.533-534. Arthur Golding, The XV Bookes of P. Ouidius Naso, Entytuled Metamorphosis (London: William Seres, 1567), Perseus Digital Library text. Source 1

Ovid's adsuetaque is nominative singular, coordinated with the preceding description of Venus. Baumgarten embeds the verse after his own genitive Veneris and accordingly changes it to genitive assuetae, drops the enclitic -que, and uses assimilated ass- for ads-. He also capitalizes Indulgere and adds a comma. Golding's “woont shee was” translates Ovid's unadapted nominative construction.

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Golding's translation was published in 1567 and is in the public domain. The Perseus canonical repository supplies the digital source file.

[723] Horace, Satires 2.8.21-22. Christopher Smart, The Works of Horace, edited by Theodore Alois Buckley (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1863), Perseus Digital Library text. Source 1

Horace makes Vibidius nominative within a guest list and calls Vibidius and Balatro the “shadows” whom Maecenas had brought. Baumgarten supplies his own governing adducit quasdam umbras and changes Vibidius to accusative Vibidium to fit it, while omitting both si memini, Varius and quos Maecenas adduxerat umbras. Smart's “unbidden guests” renders the source metaphor umbras and retains the nominative list.

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[724] Cicero, Tusculan Disputations 1.108 (chapter 45), not 1.15 as printed by Baumgarten. C. D. Yonge, The Academic Questions, Treatise De Finibus, and Tusculan Disputations of M. T. Cicero (London: George Bell and Sons, 1875), Project Gutenberg eBook 29247. Source 1

Cicero asserts that burial concerns should be disregarded for ourselves but observed for our own dead. Baumgarten omits igitur and the qualification about insensible corpses, inserts conditional si, moves est after contemnendus, and adds a second est before negligendus; he also prints negligendus for the comparison text's neglegendus. In Baumgarten's new setting the sentence illustrates glory accompanying virtue “like a shadow,” rather than burial custom. Yonge translates Cicero's full mortuary context, and Baumgarten's printed section number does not locate this passage.

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Yonge died in 1891 and the cited edition was published in 1875; the translation is in the public domain. Project Gutenberg expressly marks this eBook public domain in the United States.

[725] Horace, Satires 1.8.40-41. Christopher Smart, The Works of Horace, edited by Theodore Alois Buckley (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1863), Perseus Digital Library text. Source 1

Horace's quo pacto clause remains under the single governing question quid memorem and continues into further examples after line 41. Baumgarten replaces the comma after memorem with a question mark, adds a second question mark at his new stopping point, and capitalizes both verse openings. Smart similarly makes an English question break but retains “viz.” to mark the second clause as its specification; his “ghosts” correctly renders the summoned umbrae, not Canidia and Sagana themselves.

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[726] Quintilian, Institutio oratoria 10.2.7. H. E. Butler, The Institutio Oratoria of Quintilian, Loeb Classical Library (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press; London: William Heinemann, 1920-1922), Perseus Digital Library text. Source 1

Quintilian argues counterfactually that, if no artist surpassed a predecessor, painting would not exist beyond tracing sun-cast shadows. Baumgarten adds Prima and changes imperfect subjunctive non esset to indicative non erat, turning the counterfactual into a claim about the first historical stage of painting. The remainder is verbally continuous apart from capitalization and the omitted final stop. Butler preserves Quintilian's counterfactual, not Baumgarten's historical recasting.

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Butler's four-volume translation was published from 1920 to 1922 and is in the United States public domain. The Perseus canonical repository supplies the digital source file.

[727] Pliny the Elder, Natural History 35.15. John Bostock and H. T. Riley, The Natural History of Pliny (London: Taylor and Francis, 1855), Perseus Digital Library text. Source 1

Pliny's secundam depends on the preceding account of the first, shadow-outline stage. Baumgarten suppresses that governing syntax, supplies affirmant esse, inserts commas around singulis coloribus, and omits Pliny's continuation duratque talis etiam nunc. Bostock and Riley keep both stages, making explicit the contrast on which secundam depends.

Reuse information

The Bostock-Riley translation was published in 1855 and is in the public domain. The Perseus canonical repository supplies the digital source file.

[728] Pliny the Elder, Natural History 35.29. John Bostock and H. T. Riley, The Natural History of Pliny (London: Taylor and Francis, 1855), Perseus Digital Library text. Source 1

Baumgarten omits postea before deinde and stops before Pliny's separate term harmoge for colour joins and transitions. His second sentence reads quem quia ... hoc ... umbram ... appellaverunt against the comparison text's quod ... haec ... umbras ... appellarunt; the critical apparatus records the principal members of Baumgarten's cluster as variant readings, so they should not be treated simply as his inventions. His first sentence otherwise differs only in punctuation and capitalization. Bostock and Riley translate the comparison text and render tonon by the Greek nominative “tonos.”

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The Bostock-Riley translation was published in 1855 and is in the public domain. The Perseus canonical repository supplies the digital source file.

[729] Cicero, De oratore 3.26. J. S. Watson, Cicero on Oratory and Orators (London: Henry G. Bohn, 1860), in the lightly modernized Attalus transcription. Source 1

Baumgarten supplies his own preceding Sic hoc idem, quod est in naturis rerum and italicizes only Cicero's predicate. He regularizes the older accusative plural artis to artes and omits the source semicolon. Watson retains the complete governing comparison and expands “arts” as “different kinds of art.”

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Watson's translation was published in 1860 and is in the public domain. Attalus identifies Watson as translator and notes minor alterations to antiquated wording.

[730] Cicero, De oratore 3.26, continuing Entry 729. J. S. Watson, Cicero on Oratory and Orators (London: Henry G. Bohn, 1860), in the lightly modernized Attalus transcription. Source 1

Baumgarten extracts fingendi from una fingendi est ars and picturae from una est ars ratioque picturae, discards Cicero's two lists of artists and their stylistic differences, joins the isolated genitives with a comma and et, and then resumes Cicero verbatim at si hoc. The result is a compressed composite, not a continuous Cicero sentence. Watson's full three sentences expose both omitted comparisons on which “this” depends.

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Watson's translation was published in 1860 and is in the public domain. Attalus identifies Watson as translator and notes minor alterations to antiquated wording.

[731] Cicero, De oratore 3.101. J. S. Watson, Cicero on Oratory and Orators (London: Henry G. Bohn, 1860), in the lightly modernized Attalus transcription. Source 1

Baumgarten places his own non-italic Habet illa before the excerpt, replacing Cicero's sed habeat tamen illa and converting the subjunctive recommendation into an indicative assertion. Within the quoted words he reverses admiratio ac summa laus to summa laus ac admiratio and changes erit inluminatum to illuminatum est, with a tense/word-order change and assimilated spelling. Watson translates Cicero's complete recommendation, not Baumgarten's indicative frame.

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Watson's translation was published in 1860 and is in the public domain. Attalus identifies Watson as translator and notes minor alterations to antiquated wording.

[732] Cicero, Academica 2.20. Baumgarten's “quaest. ac. IIII. 20” reflects the older four-book division of the Academic Questions. C. D. Yonge, The Academic Questions, Treatise De Finibus, and Tusculan Disputations of M. T. Cicero (London: George Bell and Sons, 1875), Project Gutenberg eBook 29247. Source 1

Baumgarten prints singular in umbra against the comparison text's plural in umbris, adds a comma before quae, capitalizes the excerpt, and makes it a question where the source continues with a semicolon. Yonge's “shadows” follows the source plural; “projections” renders eminentia.

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Yonge's translation was published in 1875 and is in the United States public domain. Project Gutenberg expressly marks the ebook public domain in the United States.

[733] Pliny the Younger, Epistles 3.13.4. J. B. Firth, The Letters of the Younger Pliny (London: Walter Scott, 1900), Book 3 text hosted by Attalus. Source 1

Baumgarten omits Pliny's connective Nam, adds four internal commas, and replaces the source comma after commendat with a colon. He also leaves the sentence without its source full stop. Firth translates Pliny's complete contrast and makes the lowering and raising of style explicit; the linked host's general notice about minor modernization should accompany reuse of its transcription.

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Firth's translation was published in 1900 and is in the United States public domain. The linked page identifies Firth and the date; it also states that a few words and phrases in its transcription have been modified.

[734] Pliny the Younger, Epistles 3.13.3. J. B. Firth, The Letters of the Younger Pliny (London: Walter Scott, 1900), Book 3 text hosted by Attalus. Source 1

Baumgarten drops initial Atque, prints saltim for the comparison text's saltem, removes the second et before figurae, and adds the explicit agent a lectore. Without that conjunction, figurae can be read with transitus (“transitions of figure”) rather than as Pliny's third coordinated object. Firth translates the unadapted three-part coordination and supplies “people” rather than Baumgarten's singular reader.

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Firth's translation was published in 1900 and is in the United States public domain. The linked page identifies Firth and the date; it also states that a few words and phrases in its transcription have been modified.

[735] Pliny the Younger, Epistles 3.13.3. J. B. Firth, The Letters of the Younger Pliny (London: Walter Scott, 1900), Book 3 text hosted by Attalus. Source 1

Baumgarten prints enunciare for the comparison text's enuntiare, changes the comma after solent to a colon, and isolates nisi eruditis with commas; he also omits the source full stop. Firth's “unlearned” softens barbari, while “variety of metaphor” is an interpretive rendering of figurare varie. His English follows Pliny's source syntax, not Baumgarten's stronger colon break.

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Firth's translation was published in 1900 and is in the United States public domain. The linked page identifies Firth and the date; it also states that a few words and phrases in its transcription have been modified.

[736] Terence, Eunuchus 317 (act 2, scene 3). Henry Thomas Riley, The Comedies of Terence (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1874), Perseus Digital Library text. Source 1

Baumgarten reverses Terence's Color verus to Verus color; the remainder, including punctuation, agrees with the comparison text. Chaerea is describing a young woman's unfalsified complexion and bodily fullness, imagery that Baumgarten transfers to the “true colour” and substance of aesthetically vivid thought. Riley translates the dramatic source rather than Baumgarten's metaphorical reuse.

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Riley died in 1878 and the cited edition was published in 1874; the translation is in the public domain. The Perseus canonical repository supplies the digital source file.

[737] Lucretius, De rerum natura 2.798-800. Baumgarten cites 2.800, the final verse of the excerpt under modern numbering. William Ellery Leonard, De Rerum Natura (New York: E. P. Dutton, 1916), Perseus Digital Library text. Source 1

Baumgarten turns the source's question mark after tenebris into a comma and its final semicolon into a question mark. More materially, he prints Lumine qui mutatur in ipso against the modern critical text's lumine quin ipso mutatur, changing both word division and syntax; he also adds a comma after propterea. The immediate edition behind Baumgarten's reading has not been identified, so this is recorded as a textual reading, not assumed to be his own adaptation. Leonard follows quin ipso (“Nay, in the light itself”) and translates the modern critical text.

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[738] Lucretius, De rerum natura 2.782-783. Baumgarten cites 2.783, although the opening words belong to the preceding verse. William Ellery Leonard, De Rerum Natura (New York: E. P. Dutton, 1916), Perseus Digital Library text. Source 1

Baumgarten omits the source's aut alio, runs the retained words together as one sentence, inserts a comma after nitore, and capitalizes Dissimiles. Leonard's parenthetical “Or” preserves the omitted coordination, while his two lines otherwise directly render the selected source.

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[739] Lucretius, De rerum natura 2.786-787. Baumgarten identifies Lucretius but supplies no line number. William Ellery Leonard, De Rerum Natura (New York: E. P. Dutton, 1916), Perseus Digital Library text. Source 1

Baumgarten omits initial at, prints assimilated impediunt for the comparison text's inpediunt, breaks the first hexameter before colores, and capitalizes Quo. Leonard's “But” represents the omitted at and follows the source's two-verse structure rather than Baumgarten's three-line display.

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Leonard's translation was published in 1916 and is in the United States public domain. The Perseus canonical repository supplies the digital source file.

[740] Pliny the Elder, Natural History 35.50 (in the older chapter division cited by Baumgarten, book 35, chapter 7). John Bostock and H. T. Riley, The Natural History of Pliny (London: Taylor and Francis, 1855), Perseus Digital Library text. Source 1

Baumgarten omits illa and Pliny's parenthetical enumeration of the four pigments, then uses Echion where the critical text has Aetion; the critical apparatus records echion as an attested reading. He prints quatuor for quattuor and quum for cum. After opibus he replaces Pliny's new sentence nunc et with the third-person temporal frame Plinii autem, per aetatem, changes limum, draconum elephantorumque saniem to limum et draconum et elephantorum saniem, and changes final present est to imperfect erat. Thus the contrast becomes a historical report about Pliny's age. Bostock and Riley translate Pliny's unabridged first-person present; their edition also adopts the older name “Echion.”

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The Bostock-Riley translation was published in 1855 and is in the public domain. The Perseus canonical repository supplies the digital source file.

[741] Pliny the Elder, Natural History 35.30 (in the older chapter division cited by Baumgarten, book 35, chapter 6). John Bostock and H. T. Riley, The Natural History of Pliny (London: Taylor and Francis, 1855), Perseus Digital Library text. Source 1

Baumgarten adds aut before austeri and a comma before the second aut, producing “colours are either austere or florid” where the comparison text has the same opposition without the first correlative. He stops before Pliny's explanation that either quality arises by nature or mixture. Bostock and Riley translate both clauses and render austeri as “sombre.”

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The Bostock-Riley translation was published in 1855 and is in the public domain. The Perseus canonical repository supplies the digital source file.

[742] Cicero, Orator 36, reused by Baumgarten through his own section 624. E. Jones, Cicero's Brutus or History of Famous Orators; also His Orator, or Accomplished Speaker (London, 1776), Project Gutenberg eBook 9776. Source 1

This is not a continuous quotation from Orator 36. In section 694, Baumgarten's governing comparandum illi makes picturae and the four adjectives dative singular; Cicero instead has ablative plural in picturis followed by neuter-plural objects horrida, inculta, abdita et opaca. Baumgarten changes et to ac, then draws in suo ... genere and the idea of excellence from Cicero's later in suo quidque genere praestet, recasting the finite verb as dative participle praestanti and inserting tamen. Jones translates Cicero's unadapted two-sentence comparison.

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Jones's translation was published in 1776 and is in the public domain. Project Gutenberg expressly labels eBook 9776 public domain in the United States.

[743] Virgil, Aeneid 4.247-251. Theodore C. Williams, The Aeneid of Virgil (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1910), Perseus Digital Library text. Source 1

Baumgarten prints assidue for the comparison edition's assimilated adsidue and humeros for umeros. He changes the comma after fulcit to a semicolon, inserts a comma after caput, changes the semicolon after imbri to a comma, replaces the semicolon after tegit with a comma, and capitalizes verse openings. The final split before barba is only Baumgarten's layout; it does not mark a source-verse boundary. Williams's “stubborn Atlas” translates Atlantis duri and his expanded eight-line rendering remains one continuous translation of Virgil 4.247-251.

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Williams's translation was published in 1910 and is in the United States public domain. The Perseus canonical repository supplies the digital source file.

[744] Virgil, Aeneid 4.261-264. Theodore C. Williams, The Aeneid of Virgil (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1910), Perseus Digital Library text. Source 1

Virgil's line 261 begins conspicit; atque illi in a sentence whose subject and object occur in the preceding line; Baumgarten starts at Atque, making a visually self-contained description while leaving the observer unstated. His humeris has an added initial h against the comparison edition's umeris, and he lowers Tyrio while capitalizing the other verse openings. Williams translates the descriptive unit rather than reproducing Baumgarten's truncated syntax, and explicitly identifies the cloth as Dido's gift.

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[745] Ovid, Metamorphoses 6.703-707, following the omitted lead-in at 6.702; Baumgarten cites the passage from verse 702. Brookes More, The Metamorphoses of Ovid (Boston: Cornhill Publishing Co., 1922), Perseus Digital Library text. Source 1

Baumgarten omits Ovid 6.702, which supplies both the subject Boreas and the act of speaking, but keeps Ovid's finite excussit and capitalizes it as his opening. He prints assimilated Afflata for adflata, changes Ovid's colon after pennas to a comma, changes the period after aequor to a comma, and inserts commas after humum and metu. His breaks after cacumina and caligine are typographical, not Ovidian verse endings. More's translation includes the omitted speech frame (“having howled resounding words”), making the antecedent explicit.

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More's translation was published in 1922 and is in the United States public domain. The Perseus canonical repository supplies the digital source file.

[746] Tacitus, Annals 6.34. Alfred John Church and William Jackson Brodribb, Annals of Tacitus (London: Macmillan, 1869), Perseus Digital Library text. Source 1

In Tacitus, nominative Pharasmanes appears at the beginning of a longer sequence of historical infinitives; ostendere completes that sequence after the intervening speech summary. Baumgarten introduces the passage with his own quando narrat and changes the name to accusative Pharasmanem, thereby making a compact accusative-and-infinitive report. He also inserts a comma between praedam and ostendere. Church and Brodribb's “He” depends on the preceding English sentence, just as the unadapted Latin depends on its broader Tacitean context.

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Church and Brodribb's translation was published in 1869 and is in the public domain. The Perseus canonical repository supplies the digital source file.

[747] Horace, Odes 3.24.1-4, in the geographic reading used by Baumgarten and by the source text underlying Conington's translation. John Conington, The Odes and Carmen Saeculare of Horace (London: George Bell and Sons, 1882), Perseus Digital Library text. Source 1

Baumgarten's Tyrrhenum ... mare Apulicum is a historical geographic reading of the disputed fourth verse, not his own semantic adaptation. The 1919 Shorey-Laing comparison text in the Perseus canonical repository prints the conjectural terrenum ... mare publicum, the reading favored by many post-Lachmann editions. Conington's “Tuscan and Apulian sea” independently confirms the geographic text behind his translation and closely tracks Baumgarten. Baumgarten also capitalizes verse openings and changes the comparison text's closing colon to a semicolon.

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Conington died in 1869, and the cited edition was published in 1882; the translation is in the public domain. The Perseus canonical repository supplies the digital source file.

[748] Horace, Odes 3.24.5-8. John Conington, The Odes and Carmen Saeculare of Horace (London: George Bell and Sons, 1882), Perseus Digital Library text. Source 1

The comparison text has future indicative expedies as the apodosis to si figit; Baumgarten prints present subjunctive expedias. He also capitalizes the three excerpted verse openings and substitutes a colon for the comma after clavos. Conington's “will you strive” reflects the future force of the comparison text rather than Baumgarten's subjunctive form, while his singular “head” and “wedge” are poetic expansions of Horace's plural verticibus and clavos.

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Conington died in 1869, and the cited edition was published in 1882; the translation is in the public domain. The Perseus canonical repository supplies the digital source file.

[749] Horace, Odes 3.24.45-50, ending after mittamus in the middle of Horace's verse 50 sentence. John Conington, The Odes and Carmen Saeculare of Horace (London: George Bell and Sons, 1882), Perseus Digital Library text. Source 1

Horace's mittamus is followed in the same verse and sentence by the condition scelerum si bene paenitet. Baumgarten stops after the verb and replaces Horace's comma with a period; section 700 then comments in prose before quoting the displaced condition as the opening of Entry 750. He also capitalizes each extracted verse opening and inserts a comma between lapides and aurum. Conington's fifth line renders both summi materiem mali and the force of mittamus; the condition is deliberately excluded from the selected lines here because Baumgarten transfers it to the next excerpt.

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Conington died in 1869, and the cited edition was published in 1882; the translation is in the public domain. The Perseus canonical repository supplies the digital source file.

[750] Horace, Odes 3.24.50-54. John Conington, The Odes and Carmen Saeculare of Horace (London: George Bell and Sons, 1882), Perseus Digital Library text. Source 1

In Horace, scelerum si bene paenitet closes the preceding mittamus sentence. Baumgarten detaches the condition, changes its period to a comma, and places it before eradenda, so it now qualifies the gerundive prescription that follows. He prints poenitet for paenitet, inserts a comma after elementa, capitalizes the excerpted verse openings, and most substantively prints Firmandae (“to be strengthened”) for the comparison text's formandae (“to be formed/trained”). Conington's opening line retains the omitted mittamus context, and “mould” reflects formandae, not Baumgarten's Firmandae.

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Conington died in 1869, and the cited edition was published in 1882; the translation is in the public domain. The Perseus canonical repository supplies the digital source file.