Top-level index / Complete interlinear beta

Alexander Gottlieb Baumgarten

Aesthetica

Interlinear Beta v2 · §§701–725

Choose a view for each section. Quoted passages stay together in all four views; numbered notes identify their sources.

§ 701

Coniungit Ovidius naturalium moraliumque colores in enarrandis quatuor orbis, quas fingit, aetatibus, Met. I. Aetatis aureae statum florido quam maxime cogitandi genere prosecutus moralem v. 90–100. § 594. transit ad naturalem iisdem floribus conspergendum:

Ovid joins colors of natural and moral things in narrating the four ages of the world which he imagines, Metamorphoses I. Having followed the moral condition of the golden age, vv.90–100, §594, with the most florid kind of thinking, he passes to the natural condition to be sprinkled with the same flowers:

Sourced quotation · Ovid [751]

Per se dabat omnia tellus,
Ver erat aeternum, placidique tepentibus auris
Mulcebant Zephyri natos sine semine flores.
Flumina iam lactis, iam flumina nectaris ibant,
Flavaque de viridi stillabant ilice mella,

"Then of her own accord the earth produced
a store of every fruit. [...]
Eternal Spring! Soft breathing zephyrs soothed
and warmly cherished buds and blooms, produced
without a seed. [...]
rivers flowed milk and nectar, and the trees,
the very oak trees, then gave honey of themselves."

v. 112.

v.112.

§ 702

Iam tonum remittit in argentea aetate pingenda, v. 112–124. magis adhuc in aeneae brevi commemoratione sensim cum aetatis illius hominibus

Now he lowers the tone in painting the silver age, vv.112–124, and still more in the brief commemoration of the bronze age, gradually with the men of that age

Sourced quotation · Ovid [752]

ad horrida promptior arma,

"Next after this succeded streight, the third and brazen age:
More hard of nature, somewhat bent to cruell warres and rage.
But yet not wholy past all grace."

v. 126.
In ferrea autem aetate describenda ut totus inhorrescit? § 594.

v.126. But in describing the iron age, how wholly he grows rough, §594:

Sourced quotation · Ovid [753]

Vivitur ex rapto. Non hospes ab hospite
tutus,
Non socer a genero. Fratrum quoque gratia rara est.
Imminet exitio vir coniugis, illa mariti.
Lurida terribiles miscent aconita novercae,
Filius ante diem patrios inquirit in annos.
Victa iacet Pietas, et virgo caede madentes
Ultima caelestum terras Astraea reliquit.
Neve foret terris securior arduus aether,
Affectasse ferunt regnum caeleste Gigantas,
Altaque congestos struxisse ad sidera montes.

"Men live by ravine and by stelth: the wandring guest doth stand
In daunger of his host: the host in daunger of his guest:
And fathers of their sonne in lawes: yea seldome time doth rest,
Betweene borne brothers such accord and love as ought to bee.
The goodman seekes the goodwifes death, and his againe seeks shee.
The stepdames fell their husbandes sonnes with poyson do assayle.
To see their fathers live so long the children doe bewayle.
All godlynesse lies under foote. And Ladie Astrey, last
Of heavenly vertues, from this earth in slaughter drowned past.
And to th'intent the earth alone thus should not be opprest,
And heaven above in slouthfull ease and carelesse quiet rest,
Men say that Giantes went about the Realme of Heaven to win
To place themselves to raigne as Gods and lawlesse Lordes therein.
And hill on hill they heaped up aloft into the skie,"

153.

v.153.

§ 703

Pauci sunt, vel nemo, quem deceat, sicut

There are few, or none, whom, like Aristippus,

Sourced quotation · Horace [754]

Omnis Aristippum decuit status, et color, et res,

"As for Aristippus, every complexion of life, every station and circumstance sat gracefully upon him."

Hor. ep. I. 17, 23.
nisi Horatius in hoc etiam splendide mentitus est.

Horace, Epistles I.17.23, unless Horace also lied splendidly in this.

Nihil magis principia negatae totalis similitudinis ac aequalitatis confirmat experientia, quam characterum et personarum, morum et modorum agendi diversitas.

Experience confirms nothing more than the principles denying total likeness and equality: the diversity of characters and persons, manners and modes of acting.

In quibus tamen ita exprimendis, ut distingui possint, naturam cuiusvis propriam ac suam imitari tanti est, ut, vel hoc unum qui nesciat, eum poetae neget nomine dignum Horatius, quando Artis Poet. v. 86.

Yet in expressing these so that they can be distinguished, it is so important to imitate the proper and individual nature of each that Horace denies the name of poet to anyone who does not know this, when in the Ars Poetica, v.86, he says:

Sourced quotation · Horace [755]

Descriptas, ait, servare vices, operumque
colores
Cur ego, si nequeo ignoroque poeta salutor?
Cur nescire, pudens prave, quam discere, malo?
Versibus exponi tragicis res comica non vult.
Indignatur item privatis ac prope socco
Dignis carminibus narrari caena Thyestae, § 690.
Singula quaeque locum teneant sortita decentem.

"If I am incapable and unskillful to observe the distinction described, and the complexions of works [of genius], why am I accosted by the name of “Poet?” Why, out of false modesty, do I prefer being ignorant to being learned?
A comic subject will not be handled in tragic verse; in like manner the banquet of Thyestes will not bear to be held in familiar verses, and such as almost suit the sock. Let each peculiar species [of writing] fill with decorum its proper place."

in naturalibus etiam et mechanicis, quod facilius, praesertim autem in moralibus, quod difficilius, § 666, 691.

§690. "Let each thing hold the place fittingly allotted to it," in natural and mechanical matters too, which is easier, but especially in moral matters, which is harder, §§666, 691.

§ 704

SECTIO XXXXII
FUCUS OPPOSITUS
Fuci aesthetici tum definitionem iam vidimus § 688. tum quaedam genera, § 626, 627. Sed eius a veris coloribus discernendi difficultas simul, ac necessitas separatam de eodem tractationem videtur requirere. § 628, 625. Sicut autem veri colores sunt vel austeri, vel floridi: § 693. ita et fucus erit vel nimis austerus, non horridulus, sed horridus, § 634. vel nimis floridus et Iridis instar,

SECTION XXXXII
OPPOSED FALSE COLORING
We have already seen both the definition of aesthetic false coloring, §688, and certain kinds of it, §§626–627. But the difficulty and necessity of distinguishing it from true colors seem to require a separate treatment of it, §§628, 625. As true colors are either austere or florid, §693, so false coloring will be either too austere, not somewhat rough but rough, §634, or too florid and, like Iris,

Sourced quotation · Virgil [756]

Mille trahens varios adverso sole colores.

"on dewy, saffron pinions down from heaven,
a thousand colors on her radiant way,
from the opposing sun."

Horridulum iam aliquid sonat illud Virgilii,

Virgil's

Sourced quotation · Virgil [757]

Arma virumque cano.

"Arms and the man I sing, who first made way,"

Austerius illud est circa medium totius carminis:

already sounds somewhat rough. More austere is this around the middle of the whole poem:

Sourced quotation · Virgil [758]

Bella, horrida bella,
Et Tyberim multo spumantem sanguine cerno.

"Shall rue their coming thither! war, red war!
And Tiber stained with bloody foam I see."

Interim rem, de qua agebatur, secundum naturam exprimit verus color, et austeritatis gradus diversus descriptas vices servat, locumque decentem sortitus est. § 703.

Meanwhile true color expresses the matter at issue according to nature, and the different degree of austerity preserves the described roles and has been allotted the fitting place, §703.

§ 705

Huic horridulo colori compara fucum horridum Lucani:

Compare with this somewhat rough color Lucan's rough false coloring:

Sourced quotation · Lucan [759]

Bella per Emathios plus quam civilia campos,
Iusque datum sceleri canimus, populumque
potentem,
In sua victrici conversum viscera dextra,
Cognatasque acies, et rupto foedere regni
Certatum totis concussi viribus orbis
In commune nefas, infestisque obvia signis
Signa, pares aquilas, et pila minantia pilis.
Quis furor? o! vates! quae tanta licentia
ab ovo?

"WARS worse than civil on Emathian plains,
And crime let loose we sing: how Rome's high race
Plunged in her vitals her victorious sword;
Armies akin embattled, with the force
Of all the shaken earth bent on the fray;
And burst asunder, to the common guilt,
A kingdom's compact; eagle with eagle met,
Standard to standard, spear opposed to spear.
Whence, citizens, this rage, this boundless lust
To sate barbarians with the blood of Rome?"

Sic incipiat scriptor aliquis cyclicus.

Thus some cyclic writer should begin.

Color, non suum decenter locum nactus, iustoque saturatior, fucus est. § 703, 688.

Color that has not found its own fitting place and is more saturated than is just is false coloring, §§703, 688.

§ 706

Silius Italicus iam auspicatur austerius Virgilio. § 704.

Silius Italicus already begins more austerely than Virgil, §704:

Sourced quotation · Silius Italicus [760]

Ordiar arma, quibus caelo se gloria tollit
Aeneadum, patiturque ferox oenotria iura
Carthago.

"I sing those arms, by which the Roman name
Attain'd the summit of immortal fame,
And haughty Carthage bears Oenotrian laws:"

Initium, cui forte satur Horatius iam occlamet: Ohe! ampullas!

A beginning to which Horace, already sated, might perhaps shout: Enough! Bombast!

Huic tamen satis naturalem colorem dixeris comparato cum principiis Claudiani de bello Gethico, quibus in ipso limine furtivae aurum pelliculae, tritus ille fucus, § 626. illitus est:

Yet you would call this color sufficiently natural compared with Claudian's beginnings on the Gothic war, in which at the very threshold the gold of the stolen fleece, that worn false coloring, §626, has been smeared on:

Sourced quotation · Claudian [761]

Intacti quum claustra freti coeuntibus aequor
Armatum scopulis audax irrumpere Argo
Oeteam Colchosque petens, propiore periclo,
Omnibus attonitis solus post numina Typhis
Incolumem tenui damno servasse carinam
Fertur et ancipitem montis vitasse ruinam,
Deceptoque vagae concursu rupis in altum
Victricem duxisse ratem.

"When the intrepid Argo, passing between the clashing rocks that guarded its entrance, burst through the portals of the unfurrowed sea making for Colchis where Aeëtes ruled, it is said that, when all were panic-stricken by the nearing danger, Tiphys alone—with heaven's help—kept safe the almost uninjured bark. 'Twas thanks to him that the Argo escaped the cliffs threatening ruin and came out victorious into the open sea, cunningly eluding the meeting shock of the floating rocks."

e. c. usque ad v. 35.

and so on to verse 35.

§ 707

Horridus eiusmodi fucus, § 704. non sola singularia potest deturpare, § 708, 706 et genus cogitandi aestheticohistoricum, § 566. pari ratione cavendus est aestheticodogmaticis, et utriusque tum naturalia, quatenus moralibus opponuntur, exhibentibus, tum moralia, § 698. Potest in eum delabi genus cogitandi aestheticodogmaticum theoreticum, potest et practicum, nunc paraeneticum, nunc elencticum, § 576. In his versatus eo magis esse debet sollicitus, ne descriptas migret vices, colorisque naturalis et fucorum limites, quoniam et omne iam dogmaticum meditandi genus habere videtur nonnihil horriduli, § 695. et in moralium coloribus facilior lapsus est, dum duplex de iisdem, nunc exterius, et praecipitanter, nunc interius et penitius perspectis, solet iudicium ferri, § 698. 703.

Rough false coloring of this kind, §704, can disfigure not only singulars, §§708, 706, and the aesthetic-historical kind of thinking, §566; it must be avoided in the same way by aesthetic-dogmatic writings, and by both kinds when they exhibit natural things, insofar as these are opposed to moral things, and moral things, §698. The theoretical aesthetic-dogmatic kind of thinking can slip into it, and so can the practical, now paraenetic, now elenctic, §576. One occupied with these must be all the more anxious not to cross the assigned roles and the boundaries of natural color and false color, since every dogmatic kind of meditation already seems to have something somewhat rough in it, §695, and since the fall is easier in moral colors, where a double judgment is usually made about them, now from the outside and precipitately, now from the inside and more deeply perceived, §§698, 703.

§ 708

Fucum aestheticopracticum § 707. non eum crassiorem nunc dissuadebimus, in quem invehitur Iuvenalis, sat. 2. quando

We shall not now dissuade from the coarser aesthetic-practical false coloring, §707, against which Juvenal inveighs in Satire 2, when

Sourced quotation · Juvenal [762]

Ultra Sauromatas fugere hinc libet, et glacialem
Oceanum, quoties aliquid de moribus audent,
Qui Curios simulant, et Bacchanalia vivunt,

"I long to escape from hence beyond the Sarmatians, and the frozen sea, whenever those fellows who pretend to be Curii and live like Bacchanals presume to read a lecture on morality."

§ 362.
Subtilior hic culpandus in cogitationibus fucus etiam eorum est, quorum forte nec mala mens, nec malus animus est, licet verioris beatitudinis non satis conscius.

§362. The subtler false coloring to be blamed here in thoughts belongs even to those whose mind and soul perhaps are not bad, though they are not sufficiently conscious of truer happiness.

Quaeratur e. g. de vero felicitatis colore, quem naturalem et non fucatum explanet aestheticodogmaticus.

Let the question be, for example, about the true color of happiness, which the aesthetic-dogmatic writer should explain as natural and not false-colored.

Sequuntur tunc sui sapientis archetypum, et inde derivatas cogitandi loquendive formulas, Stoici quae

The Stoics then follow the archetype of their wise man and the formulas of thinking and speaking derived from it;

Sourced quotation · Cicero (adapted by Baumgarten) [763]

dum mordicus tenent, neque sibi evelli ex ore vel animo volunt: horridiores evadunt, asperiores, duriores et oratione, et moribus, et ipsa cogitandi ratione.

when they try to escape from this they adopt what is in reality the position of the Peripatetics, though still clinging tooth and nail to their own terminology. Unwilling again to take the next step and weed out this terminology, they end by being rougher and more uncouth than ever, full of asperities of style and even of manners.,

Cic. de fin. IIII. 78. Hinc in eorum picturas boni, mali, virtutis, beatitudinis, felicitatis fucus inducitur nimis austerus. § 704.

Cicero, De finibus IV.78. Hence false coloring that is too austere is introduced into their pictures of good, evil, virtue, blessedness, and happiness, §704.

§ 709

Sub eadem hypothesi § 708. sequetur Epicureus aliquis unicam voluptatem, quam si formaverit animo, sicuti facilis est, et in vulgus pervulgata, neque totum caelestis nostrae Veneris systema, sed eius aliquam modo particulam, mente comprehenderit, § 646. temere mollescet in eam levitatem, ut mites forsan aliquos Felicitatis ductus satis feliciter imitetur, quos autem graviores et austeros simul exprimere

Under the same hypothesis, §708, some Epicurean will follow the single pleasure which, if he has formed it in mind as easy and commonly familiar to the crowd, and has comprehended not the whole system of our heavenly Venus but only some little part of it, §646, he will rashly soften into such lightness that perhaps he imitates fairly happily some gentle strokes of Happiness. But the graver and austere strokes which

Sourced quotation · Silius Italicus [764]

iubet horrida Virtus,
Armatumque Fide pectus, Rectique cupido,
Audita asperitate,

"With an Heart full of Rage, the Libyan stands
Before the Walls, and, instantly, Commands
The Deputies into the Camp to send
For Decius, whom rough Valour did commend,
And a Breast arm'd with Faith; a Soul inclin'd
To Justice, and then Capua a Minde
More great; who, with undaunted Courage, took
Those menacing Commands: ..."

Sil. XI. 305.
nolit laetioribus innectere, vel certe leviculo penicillo per male locatum spuriae lucis nitorem obducet, et hinc ponere totum nesciet sine fuco nimis florido. § 704. Peripateticorum in his theoriam denique sequutus a vero Felicitatis colore propius aberit. § 688.

Silius XI.305, he will not wish to weave in with the more cheerful ones, or at least will cover them with a rather light brush through the brightness of spurious light badly placed, and hence will not know how to set forth the whole without false coloring that is too florid, §704. Finally, one who follows the Peripatetic theory in these matters will be nearer to the true color of Happiness, §688.

§ 710

One who will think beautifully is bound to make

Sourced quotation · Quintilian [765]

Catholica, id est, (ut dicamus, quomodo possumus) universalia, vel perpetualia.

It has always, therefore, been my custom not to tie myself down to universal or general rules (this being the nearest equivalent I can find for the Greek catholic rules).,

(Quint. II. 14.) de moribus, virtutibus et vitiis, ex veritate coloris aesthetici satis exacta, § 552. sibi familiaria reddere pulcre cogitaturus non tantum tenetur, si quando practica dogmatice tangere mens sit, § 707. sed etiam ideo, quia moratum de singularibus, quoque tum strictissime veris, tum heterocosmicis, cogitandi genus illis catholicis et generalibus, veluti notionibus directricibus, utitur in informandis singularium ideis § 653, 547. Si quis Cynicorum ex disciplina virtutem ac mores generatim fucis vero austerioribus adsperserit, virtutem etiam singularem certae personae, quam narrabit, vel finget, eam circumscribet, quae

Quintilian II.14, concerning morals, virtues, and vices familiar to himself from truth of aesthetic color that is sufficiently exact, §552, not only if he intends at some time to touch practical matters dogmatically, §707, but also because the moralized kind of thinking about singulars, whether strictly true or heterocosmic, uses those catholic and general things as directive notions in forming ideas of singulars, §§653, 547. If someone from the discipline of the Cynics sprinkles virtue and morals generally with false colorings more austere than the true, he will also circumscribe the singular virtue of a definite person whom he narrates or invents as one that seems

Sourced quotation · Virgil [766]

Sardois videatur amarior herbis,
Horridior rusco, proiecta vilior alga.

"Now may I seem more bitter to your taste
than herb Sardinian, rougher than the broom,
more worthless than strewn sea-weed,"

Virg. Ecl. VII.

Virgil, Eclogue VII.

§ 711

Si quis in Aristippi praecepta delapsus est, proptereaque virtutem et morum institutionem omnem fucis nimium floridis exprimit, § 704. ex huius officina

If someone has slipped into the precepts of Aristippus and therefore expresses every institution of virtue and morals with false colorings too florid, §704, from this workshop even the

Sourced quotation · Horace [767]

Virtutis verae custos rigidusque satelles,

"a maintainer and a rigid partisan of strict virtue;"

in concreto etiam, et individuo singulari spectandus, § 710. prodibit comtulus, venustulus, delicatulus, purpuram indutus, rosis coronatus, pastillos olens, uti

to be contemplated in the concrete and in the individual singular too, §710, will come forth rather neat, rather pretty, rather delicate, dressed in purple, crowned with roses, smelling of lozenges, as he

Sourced quotation · Horace [768]

bibit Hymettia mella Falerno diluta,

"and don't drink anything but Hymettian honey qualified with Falernian wine."

among shining dishes and tables,

Sourced quotation · Horace [769]

inter lances mensasque nitentes,
Dum stupet insanis acies fulgoribus, et quum
Acclinis falsis animus meliora recusat.

"learn, my good friends, not among dishes and splendid tables; when the eye is dazzled with the vain glare, and the mind, intent upon false appearances, refuses [to admit] better things;"

Hor. Serm. II. 2. 4.

Horace, Satires II.2.4.

§ 712

Quemadmodum omnis quidem eruditio, cum practica, tum theoretica, verior ad veriores rebus ad eam pertinentibus, et singularibus, quae sub se continet, inducendos colores multum facit, § 63–67; tamen nulla facilius fucum vitare dabit ingenio, quod natura mediocriter felix hanc solam imitabitur, quam corrupta praeconceptis opinionibus omnia falso colore tingentibus: § 707–711. sic praesertim artis aestheticae tum verioris magnum adiumentum est ad veros in rebus colores quaerendos, fugiendos fucos, § 68, 69. tum falsae praecepta plus nocent, quam si prorsus artem eiusmodi nescires, § 73. quoniam dum ea sequeris, ut tibi videtur, omnino securus, deliberato consilio naturam deseris fucos et pigmenta captans, § 688, 110. in quae forsan impetu mere naturali non incidisses, § 52.

Just as all truer erudition, both practical and theoretical, greatly helps in introducing truer colors to the things belonging to it and to the singulars contained under it, §§63–67, yet none will more easily allow a talent moderately happy by nature to avoid false coloring, since it will imitate nature alone, than erudition corrupted by preconceived opinions that dye everything with false color, §§707–711; so especially a truer aesthetic art is a great aid both for seeking true colors in things and for fleeing false colorings, §§68–69. But the precepts of a false aesthetic art do more harm than if you knew no such art at all, §73, because while you follow them, as it seems to you, wholly secure, you deliberately desert nature while hunting false colorings and pigments, §§688, 110, into which perhaps by mere natural impulse you would not have fallen, §52.

§ 713

In deceptricibus artium aestheticarum, e. g. rhetoricarum, poeticarum, regulis non tanto cum periculo a veris coloribus ad fucos avocabunt omnino falsae, et adeo falsae, etiam aesthetice, ut ne pulcellam quidem aliquam veri speciem habeant, qua se tueantur: quam illae, quae tum magnis auctoritatibus defenduntur, tum in aliquibus locis exercentur commode, peccant autem in quantitate, quod logici dicunt, et catholicae cogitantur, quae tamen particulariter tantum verae sunt. § 73. Hinc aestheticis tantopere distinguendae paucae venustatum leges immutabili necessitate constrictae, a consiliis aliquando bonis,

Among deceptive rules of aesthetic arts, for example rhetorical and poetic rules, those wholly false and so false, even aesthetically, that they do not have even some pretty appearance of truth by which to defend themselves, will not call one away from true colors to false colorings with so much danger as those which are both defended by great authorities and usefully exercised in some places, but err in quantity, as the logicians say, and are thought catholic although they are only particularly true, §73. Hence in aesthetics the few laws of graces bound by immutable necessity must be so carefully distinguished from counsels that are sometimes good,

Sourced quotation · Quintilian [770]

quae, velut si aliter fas non sit, quidam, tanquam iussi, sequuntur,

with all the other rules, which some speakers follow as though they had no choice but to regard them as orders and as if it were a crime to take any other line.,

non raro praepostere.

not rarely in a preposterous way.

Nam

For

Sourced quotation · Quintilian (compiled and adapted by Baumgarten) [771]

mutantur pleraque praeceptorum caussis, temporibus, necessitate, occasione. Nulla rogationibus plebisve scitis sancta sunt. Decet, ut in picturis atque statuis videmus, variari habitus, vultus, status. Raro reperitur genus praeceptorum catholicorum, ut non labefactari parte aliqua et subrui possit.

But most rules are liable to be altered by the nature of the case, circumstances of time and place, and by hard necessity itself. ... For these rules have not the formal authority of laws or decrees of the plebs. ... But it is often expedient and occasionally becoming to make some modification in the time-honoured order. We see the same thing in pictures and statues. Dress, expression and attitude are frequently varied. ... For rules are rarely of such a kind that their validity cannot be shaken and overthrown in some particular or other.,

Quint. II. 14.

Quintilian II.14.

§ 714

Quos regulae nimis laxae nondum satis a vero rerum colore deflectunt in fucos, horum multos eo contorquet caeca imitatio.

Many whom rules too lax do not yet sufficiently deflect from the true color of things into false colorings are twisted into them by blind imitation.

Sentiunt amari probarique, licet

They perceive that

Sourced quotation · Cicero [772]

horridulas, Catonis alicuius orationes.

Even the rude and unpolished Orations of Cato are a proof of this; as are likewise all our poets,

Cic. de Or. 152. et ecce! quoties placere volunt, ut subito horrescant! § 704.

are loved and approved, Cicero, De oratore I.52, and behold! whenever they wish to please, how suddenly they grow rough, §704.

Sourced quotation · Horace [773]

Quid? si quis vultu torvo ferus, et pede nudo,
Exiguaeque togae simulet textore Catonem,
Virtutemne repraesentet moresque Catonis?
Decipit exemplar vitiis imitabile,

"What! if any savage, by a stern countenance and bare feet, and the texture of a scanty gown, should imitate Cato; will he represent the virtue and morals of Cato? The tongue that imitated Timagenes was the destruction of the Moor, while he affected to be humorous, and attempted to seem eloquent. The example that is imitable in its faults, deceives [the ignorant]."

Hor. I. ep. 19. 12.
Sentiunt alii delectari non paucos floribus poetarum et Curtii; Hinc tunc demum se disertos putant, quando quibuscunque datis occasionibus efflorescendo lasciviunt. § 254.

Horace, Epistles I.19.12. Others perceive that not a few are delighted by the flowers of poets and Curtius; hence they finally think themselves eloquent when, on any given occasions, they romp by blossoming forth, §254.

Sourced quotation · Horace [774]

O! imitatores, servum pecus! ut mihi saepe
Bilem, saepe iocum vestri movere tumultus!

"O ye imitators, ye servile herd, how often your bustlings have stirred my bile, how often my mirth!"

§ 715

Laudabantur olim Atticorum venusta ingenia.

The graceful talents of the Attics were once praised.

Quorum genera plura sunt, hi, caeci imitatores. § 714.

Since there are several kinds of these, these blind imitators, §714,

Sourced quotation · Cicero [775]

unum modo, quale sit, suspicabantur. Putabant enim, qui horride inculteque dicat, modo id eleganter enucleateque faciat, eum solum attice dicere. Errabant, quod solum,

But though Atticism may be divided into several kinds, these mimic Athenians suspect but one. They imagine that to discourse plainly, and without any ornament, provided it be done correctly, and clearly, is the only genuine Atticism. In confining it to this alone, they are certainly mistaken;,

§ 713.

§713;

Sourced quotation · Cicero [776]

quod attice, non fallebantur.

In confining it to this alone, they are certainly mistaken; though when they tell us that this is really Attic, they are so far in the right.,

§ 694. Cic. or. 28. Interim, quantus eorum cunque fuerit error, non tamen potuit, quin iisdem aliquando fucos nimis horridos pro veris rerum floridarum coloribus commendaret. § 704, 248, 260. Nunc laudantur ex graecis et romanis auctores suo iure classici, iam austeris, iam floridis usi commodissime coloribus.

§694, Cicero, Orator 28. Meanwhile, however great their error was, it could not fail sometimes to commend to them colors too roughly false in place of true colors of florid things, §§704, 248, 260. Now Greek and Roman authors are rightly praised as classical, having very fittingly used now austere, now florid colors.

In quorum imitatione quoniam inprimis

Since in imitating them it must above all be considered

Sourced quotation · Cicero [777]

considerandum est, ne quid perturbate, ne quid contorte cogitetur,

And in framing this narration, it will be proper to take care that nothing be said in a confused or distorted manner; that no digression be made to any other subject;,

Cic. de Inv. I. 29. caeci imitatores, qui simile quantulumcumque suis deprehendisse per scripta classica satagunt, qui possent aliter, quam colores confundere, sicuti iura coqui, contortisque bellissimis ex Ciceronis alicuius aut omnino Demosthenis cogitandi rationibus ad alienissima fucum facere? § 688.

Cicero, De inventione I.29, how could blind imitators, who are eager to detect some tiny similarity to their own writings in classical texts, do anything other than confuse colors like cooks' sauces, and from the most beautiful thinking-ratios of some Cicero or even Demosthenes, twisted to the most alien things, make false coloring, §688?

§ 716

Colores floridi

Florid colors

Sourced quotation · Cicero [778]

maxime sensus nostros impellunt voluptate, et specie prima acerrime commovent. Saepe tamen ab iisdem celerrime fastidio quodam et satietate abalienamur.

for it is difficult to tell what the cause is why, from those objects which most strongly strike our senses with pleasure, and occasion the most violent emotions at their first appearance, we should soonest turn away with a certain loathing, when we are sated.,

§ 693.

§693.

Sourced quotation · Cicero [779]

Quanto colorum pulcritudine et varietate floridiora sunt in picturis novis pleraque, quam in veteribus? Quae tamen, etiamsi primo aspectu nos ceperunt, diutius non delectant, quum iidem nos in antiquis tabulis illo ipso horrido obsoletoque teneamur. Quanto molliores sunt et delicatiores in cantu flexiones et falsae voculae, quam certae et severae? quibus tamen non modo austeri, sed si saepius fiunt, multitudo ipsa reclamat.

How much more florid, in the gaiety and variety of the colouring, are most objects in modern pictures than in ancient ones; which, however, though they captivate us at first sight, do not afford any lasting pleasure; whereas we are strongly attracted by rough and faded colouring in the paintings of antiquity. How much softer and more delicate are fanciful modulations and notes in music, than those which are strict and grave; and yet if the former are often repeated, not only persons of an austere character, but even the multitude, raise an outcry against them.,

Cic. de or. III. 98. cf. 99–103. et habebis praeclarum in fucos nimis floridos antidoton. § 704.

Cicero, De oratore III.98; compare 99–103, and you will have a splendid antidote against false colorings too florid, §704.

§ 717

Interim pluribus fucus nimis floridus est suspectus, quam nimis austerus.

Meanwhile false coloring too florid is suspect to more people than false coloring too austere.

Minium his, cinnabaris, indicum et purpurissum, facilius fuci iudicantur, quam fucati etiam

Vermilion, cinnabar, indigo, and purple are more easily judged false color by them than faces, even false-colored,

Sourced quotation · Horace [780]

peruncti faecibus ora.

"which [certain strollers], who had their faces besmeared with lees of wine, sang and acted."

Austeram accusationem qui parat, si vel omnes humanitatis terminos transiliat, veritatem odium parientem se pingere, non fucum, sibi videbitur, austeram curationem propinare, non nigrae loliginis succum et meram aeruginem.

One who prepares an austere accusation, even if he leaps over all boundaries of humanity, will seem to himself to paint truth that produces hatred, not false coloring; to offer an austere cure, not the juice of black cuttlefish and mere verdigris.

Austeritatem ut nimis tristem effugiat, vel removendo floridorum mentionem iniicit Ovidius, Trist. I. 1.

To escape austerity as too sad, Ovid, even by removing them, introduces mention of florid things in Tristia I.1:

Sourced quotation · Ovid [781]

Nec te purpureo velent vaccinia fuco,
Non est conveniens luctibus ille color.
Nec titulus minio, neque cedro charta notetur,
Candida nec nigra cornua fronte geras.
Felices ornent haec instrumenta libellos,
Fortunae memorem te decet esse meae.

"You shall have no cover dyed with the juice of purple berries—no fit colour is that for mourning; your title shall not be tinged with vermilion nor your paper with oil of cedar; and you shall wear no white bosses upon your dark edges. Books of good omen should be decked with such things as these; 'tis my fate that you should bear in mind."

§ 718

Pari artificio Apelles excelluit, quod

Apelles excelled by a similar artifice, which

Sourced quotation · Pliny the Elder (the concordance shortens the label to “Pliny”) [782]

unum imitari nemo potuit. Absoluta opera atramento illinebat ita tenui, ut id ipsum repercussu claritates colorum excitaret, custodiretque a pulvere et sordibus, ad manum intuenti demum appareret. Sed et tum ratione magna, ne colorum claritas oculorum aciem offenderet, veluti per lapidem specularem intuentibus e longinquo, et eadem res nimis floridis coloribus austeritatem occulte daret.

His inventions, too, in the art of painting, have been highly serviceable to others; but one thing there was in which no one could imitate him. When his works were finished, he used to cover them with a black varnish, of such remarkable thinness, that while by the reflection it gave more vivacity to the colours, and preserved them from the contact of dust and dirt, its existence could only be detected by a person when close enough to touch it. In addition to this, there was also this other great advantage attending it: the brightness of the colours was softened thereby, and harmonized to the sight, looking as though they had been viewed from a distance, and through a medium of specular-stone; the contrivance, by some indescribable means, giving a sombreness to colours which would otherwise have been too florid.,

Plin. hist. nat.

Pliny, Natural History XXXV.10.

XXXV. 10. Tantae molis est poetae fucum nimis austerum et tristem, pictori nimis floridum sollicite vitare. § 717. Vereor tamen, ne festivum illud, quod aiunt, apud Ovidium Trist. I. III. 10. habeat aliquid fucosi lenocinii:

Of such great labor it is for the poet anxiously to avoid false coloring too austere and sad, and for the painter too florid, §717. Yet I fear that the festive line, as they call it, in Ovid, Tristia I.3.10, has something of false-colored charm:

Sourced quotation · Ovid for the first three verse lines; the final prose line is not present at the cited Ovidian locus [783]

Clauda quod alterno subsidunt carmina versu,
Vel pedis hoc ratio, vel via longa facit.
Adspicis exsangui chartam pallere colore?
Immo vero, quia non erubescunt epistolae.

"If the lame couplets halt in alternate verses, 'tis due to the metre's nature or to the length of the journey; ... See you my paper pale with bloodless colour? See you each alternate foot tremble?"

§ 719

Vitiosum et corruptum cogitandi genus, quod huc usque fucum appellavimus, § 688. Quintilianus dicit

The vicious and corrupt kind of thinking which up to this point we have called false coloring, §688, Quintilian calls

Sourced quotation · Quintilian (combined and adapted by Baumgarten) [784]

casuris, si leviter excutiantur, flosculis nitens, evanescens ac moriens,

They make the gravest mistake who consider that the style which is best adapted to win popularity and applause is a faulty and corrupt style of speaking which ... adorns itself with blossoms of eloquence which will fall to earth if but lightly shaken.... [W]hen such displays are compared with their betters, they sink into insignificance and fade out of sight....;

ut reliqua vitiosa cogitandi genera, comparatione meliorum,

like the other vicious kinds of thinking, by comparison with better things,

Sourced quotation · Quintilian [785]

quemadmodum lana tincta fuco citra purpuras placet, ac, si contuleris etiam lacernae, conspectu melioris obruitur. Si vero iudicium his corruptis acrius adhibeas, ut fucinis sulphura, iam illud, quod fefellerat, exuat mentitum colorem, et quadam vix enarrabili foeditate pallescat. Luceat igitur haec citra solem, et ut quaedam exigua animalia igniculi videntur in tenebris.

They are like wool dyed red that pleases in the absence of purple, but, as Ovid says, if compared with a cloak of Tyrian dye, pales in the presence of the fairer hue. If, however, we test such corrupt eloquence by the touchstone of a critical taste, as, for example, we test inferior dyes with sulphur, it will lay aside the false brilliance that deceived the eye and fade to a pallor almost too repulsive to describe. Such passages shine only in the absence of the sunlight, just as certain tiny insects seem transformed in the darkness to little flames of fire.,

XII. 10. Si protraxeris fucatam eiusmodi Venerem ex angulis et umbra in solem et maioris theatri celebritatem, nec illi,

XII.10. If you drag such a false-colored Venus from corners and shade into the sun and the crowdedness of a greater theater, there no longer remains for her

Sourced quotation · Horace [786]

iam manet humida creta, colorque
Stercore fucatus crocodili.

"now she has no longer the advantage of moist cosmetics, and her color
appears as if stained with crocodile's ordure"

Hor. ep. od. XII.

Horace, Epodes XII.

§ 720

Pulcre cogitandis

In beautiful thinking there ought to reside

Sourced quotation · Cicero [787]

insidere quidam venustatis, non fuco illitus, sed sanguine diffusus debet color,

In each of these three forms there ought to be a peculiar complexion of beauty, not produced by the daubing of paint, but diffused throughout the body by the blood.,

i. e. per ipsam materiae, cogitantis et obiectorum in personalibus praecipuorum naturam determinata lucis aestheticae modificatio. § 688, 622, 623. Cic. de or. III. 199.

that is, a modification of aesthetic light determined through the very nature of the material, of the thinker, and of the principal personal objects, §§688, 622, 623; Cicero, De oratore III.199.

Sourced quotation · Cicero [788]

Ipsa formae dignitas coloris bonitate tuenda est.

Now dignity of mien is also to be enhanced by a good complexion; the
complexion is the result of physical exercise.,

§ 188. Cic. off. I. 30. Hic autem

§188, Cicero, De officiis I.30. This, moreover,

Sourced quotation · Cicero [789]

est quidam sine ullo fuco veritatis color.

In these we have the genuine complexion of eloquence, without any painting or disguise.,

§ 423. Cic. de cl. orator. 162. cuius

§423, Cicero, Brutus 162, for whose

Sourced quotation · Cicero (source language substantially adapted by Baumgarten) [790]

liniamentis flos pigmentorum recentium: defit potius, quam adsit nimius.

For, to settle it, a great variety of authors must be examined, and especially Cato: which could not fail to convince you, that nothing was wanting to complete his pieces, but those rich and glowing colours which had not then been invented.,

298. § 691. Neque tamen desit naturam sequens variatio, § 689. quia naturalis color ultra terminos a natura constitutos protractus et uno tenore continuatus tandem non nisi fucus est.

298, §691. Yet variation following nature should not be lacking, §689, because natural color drawn beyond the boundaries established by nature and continued in one tenor finally is nothing but false coloring.

Hinc intelligo Quintilianum, qui Cassio Severo tribuit

Hence I understand Quintilian, who grants Cassius Severus

Sourced quotation · Quintilian [791]

ingenii plurimum, acerbitatem miram, summam urbanitatem,

For his natural talents are great, his gift of bitterness, wit and passion remarkable, but he allowed the sharpness of his temper to prevail over his judgment.,

tamen in eodem non gravitatem solum, sed etiam colorem orationis desiderat, quoniam

yet misses in him not only gravity but also color of speech, because

Sourced quotation · Quintilian [792]

stomacho et amaris salibus plus, quam consilio, dederit.

For his natural talents are great, his gift of bitterness, wit and passion remarkable, but he allowed the sharpness of his temper to prevail over his judgment. Moreover, though his jests are pungent enough, this very pungency often turned the laugh against himself.,

X. 1.

X.1.

§ 721

Veniamus ad aliquas colorum oppositique coloribus fuci species, exempli gratia.

Let us come to some species of colors and of the false coloring opposed to colors, for the sake of example.

I. A Cicerone desideratur in caeternis oratoribus urbanitate quadam colorata oratio.

I. Cicero misses in certain orators speech colored by a certain urbanity. Asked, What finally is that color of urbanity?

Quaesitusque:

I do not know, he says,

Sourced quotation · Cicero [793]

Quis est ille tandem urbanitatis color? Nescio, inquit, tantum esse quendam scio. Id tu, Brute, intelliges, quum in Galliam veneris. — In vocibus nostrorum oratorum recinit quoddam et resonat urbanius. Nec hoc in oratoribus modo apparet, sed etiam in caeteris.

“What fashionable delicacy do you mean?” said he.—“I cannot,” said I, “pretend to define it: I only know that there is such a quality existing. When you go to your province in Gaul, you will be convinced of it. You will there find many expressions which are not current in Rome; but these may be easily changed, and corrected. But, what is of greater importance, our Orators have a particular accent in their manner of pronouncing, which is more elegant, and has a more agreeable effect than any other. This, however, is not peculiar to the Orators, but is equally common to every well-bred citizen.”,

de cl. orat. 170. An hic est color idem illud, nescio quid, quod nunc Galli suis solis quidam tribuunt, externis denegant?

Brutus 170. Is this color the same "I know not what" which some French now attribute only to themselves and deny to foreigners?

Fucum illius similem ostendit Catulli Suffenus,

Catullus' Suffenus shows a false coloring similar to it:

Sourced quotation · Catullus [794]

Homo venustus, et dicax, et urbanus,
qui modo scurra,
Aut si quid hac re tritius, videbatur.

"That Suffenus, Varus, whom thou know'st right well, is a man fair spoken, witty and urbane [...] What can we think of this? he who just now was seen a professed droll, or e'en shrewder than such in gay speech [...]"

Idem miram fucorum et apertae foeditatis miscelam exhibet; in poematibus quando

The same man exhibits a marvelous mixture of false colorings and open ugliness; in poems, when

Sourced quotation · Catullus [795]

bellus ille et urbanus
Suffenus, unus caprimulgus ac fossor
Rursus videtur. Tantum abhorret ac mutat.

"But when thou readest these, that refined and urbane Suffenus is seen on the contrary to be a mere goatherd or ditcher-lout, so great and shocking is the change."

§ 722

II. Coniungam, uti coniunctum in Rutilii dicendi genere fuisse apud Ciceronem est. de cl. or. 113. colorem tristem et severum, acrem atque vehementem.

II. I shall join, as they were joined in Rutilius' manner of speaking in Cicero, Brutus 113, the sad and severe, sharp and vehement colors.

Primus est color luctibus conveniens, non ita reliqui, nisi quibusdam tragicis.

The first is a color fitting for griefs; not so the rest, except in certain tragic matters.

Est tamen verus quidam

Yet there is a true

Sourced quotation · Cicero [796]

severitatis color, non modo non invidiosus, sed etiam popularis.

For it has been your good fortune—as I think it has never been anyone else's—to inflict the most severe punishment, not only without exciting ill feeling, but with full popular approval, and to the greatest and most universal satisfaction of aristocrat and plebeian alike..

Severitatem enim lego apud Ciceronem Fam.

For I read severity in Cicero, Fam.

VIIII. ep. 14. non

IX.14, not as

Sourced quotation · Cicero [797]

veritatem animadversionis tum bonis omnibus, tum infimo cuique gratissimam.

For it has been your good fortune—as I think it has never been anyone else's—to inflict the most severe punishment, not only without exciting ill feeling, but with full popular approval, and to the greatest and most universal satisfaction of aristocrat and plebeian alike..

Est verus quidam color ex pudore relucentis acrimoniae, cuius

There is a true color of sharpness shining from modesty, whose

Sourced quotation · Cicero [798]

totum genus excellet e. g. in caussis, in quibus potest inflammari animus iudicis acri et vehementi quadam incitatione.

This mode of address is extremely excellent in those cases in which the mind of the judge is not likely to be inflamed by an ardent and vehement assault; for energetic oratory is not always desirable, but often smooth, submissive, gentle language, which gains much favour for defendants [...].,

Cic. Or. II. 185. Quanquam

Cicero, De oratore II.185. Although

Sourced quotation · Cicero [799]

dubium non est, quin exordium dicendi vehemens et pugnax non saepe esse debeat.

Nor is there any doubt, that the beginning of a speech ought very seldom to be vehement and pugnacious; but if even in the combat of gladiators for life, which is decided by the sword, many passes are made previous to the actual encounter [...].,

317. Cicero tamen, operum colores qui satis norat,

317, Cicero nevertheless, who knew the colors of works well enough,

Sourced quotation · Cicero [800]

vehementer se agere fatetur, iracunde,

For as for your saying that I am in the habit of arguing against you with ill temper, that is not the case. I confess that I argue with vehemence, but not with ill temper.,

negat. Philipp. VIII. 16.

but denies that he acts angrily, Philippics VIII.16.

§ 723

Hos colores mentiuntur fuci e. g. eorum

False colorings imitate these colors, for example those of men

Sourced quotation · Pliny the Younger [801]

qui fronte gravi et tristi supercilio utilitatibus fisci contumaciter adsunt, quos nunquam principibus defuisse

Few of your Predecessours ever wanted such instruments, who with sowre looks and severe carriage were very punctual and rigorous in exacting the Imperial revenues.,

putat Plinius Pan. 41. et omnis non iocis tantum ac hilaritati; sed etiam humanitati contraria severitas in cogitando iudicandoque. Acerbam eiusmodi severitatem amet una

whom Pliny thinks have never been lacking to princes, Panegyric 41; and every severity in thinking and judging contrary not only to jokes and cheerfulness but also to humanity.

Sourced quotation · Propertius [802]

Eumenidum intento turba severa foro.

Let the two brothers sit by him, and near the seat of Minos let the stern band of Furies stand, while all the court is hushed to hear my doom.

Prop.

Propertius IV.11.

IIII. 11.
Veram et fucatam acrimoniam pingit una Cicero, mores pulcre cogitaturi formans de Or. I. 182. quando:

Cicero paints true and false sharpness together, forming the manners of one who will think beautifully in De oratore I.182, when he says:

Passage with quotations · Cicero [803]

Haec, ait, adiuvant in oratore: lenitas vocis, vultus, pudoris significatio, verborum comitas. Si quid persequare acrius, (hic habes verum colorem, § 722.) ut invitus et coactus facere videare. — Ea omnia, quae proborum, demissorum, non acrium, non pertinacium, non litigiosorum, non acerborum sunt, (habes fucum pertinacis et acerbi litigatoris) valde benevolentiam conciliant.

But the qualities that attract favour to the orator are a soft tone of voice, a countenance expressive of modesty, a mild manner of speaking; so that if he attacks any one with severity, he may seem to do so unwillingly and from compulsion. [...] And everything that characterizes men of probity and humility, not acrimonious, nor stubborn, nor litigious, nor harsh, very much conciliates benevolence.

Quemadmodum vehemens proprie et recte Macrobio VI. 8. nimio impetu ac vi mentis instructum significat, M. § 699: ita genus cogitandi vehemens et atrox fucum potius, quam verum ac laudabilem colorem, prae se feret, nisi admisceatur eidem genus lenitatis atque mansuetudinis. Cic. de or. II. 200.

The first portion presents true color (§722); the latter, the false coloring of the stubborn and bitter litigant. Just as vehement, properly and rightly in Macrobius VI.8, means instructed with too great an impulse and force of mind, Metaphysics §699, so a vehement and fierce kind of thinking will display false coloring rather than true and praiseworthy color unless a kind of gentleness and mildness is mixed with it, Cicero, De oratore II.200.

§ 724

Hinc

Hence

Sourced quotation · Quintilian [804]

mollienda est in plerisque alio colore asperitas orationis.

In many cases it is desirable to soften the harshness of our language by the infusion of a more conciliatory tone, as, for example, Cicero did in his speech dealing with the children of the proscribed.,

Quint. XI. 1. Unde colligas et asperum cogitandi genus colorem esse, et genus illud lenitatis atque mansuetudinis, § 723. quo gnarus aliquis

Quintilian XI.1. From this you may gather both that the rough kind of thinking is a color, and that the kind of gentleness and mildness, §723, by which some expert

Sourced quotation · Quintilian [805]

animorum tractandorum artifex assequatur, ut aliquid eorum quoque caussa videatur facere, contra quos armatus est.

For this reason that supreme artist in playing on the minds of men admits that it is hard, but asserts that the constitution is so essentially dependent on the laws of Sulla, that their repeal would inevitably involve its destruction. Thus he succeeded in creating the impression that he was doing something on behalf of those very persons against whom he spoke.,

Iungamus luctibus convenienti colori, § 722. necessarium periclitanti sollicitudinis colorem, eumque, quem

is a color. Let us join to the color fitting griefs, §722, the color of anxiety necessary to one in danger, and that which

Sourced quotation · Quintilian [806]

sola habet poenitentia, si nulla contingit iis, qui peccaverant, excusatio.

But if there is no excuse available, penitence is our only hope. For the man who is converted to the hatred of his own errors, may perhaps be regarded as sufficiently reformed.,

l. c.

cited place.

Sourced quotation · Propertius [807]

Adspice, quot submittat humus formosa colores!

"See what hues lovely earth sends forth;"

Prop.

Propertius.

At cave, ne in fucum degenerent vel nimium trucis atque violenti, vel effaeminati, cogitandi generis, ne in foedam desperantium trepidationem, aut vilem ac humilem ante factorum exsecrationem ac palinodian.

But beware lest these degenerate into false coloring either of an excessively grim and violent kind of thinking, or of an effeminate one, or into the foul trepidation of despairing people, or a cheap and low execration and palinode of deeds already done.

§ 725

III. Est SUBMISSUM COGITANDI GENUS, animi viribus ac impetui parcentis propter reverentiam.

III. There is a SUBDUED KIND OF THINKING, sparing the powers and impulse of the soul because of reverence.

Quod quamdiu tantum sibi temperat ab affectanda ubertate, dignitate, exacto veri studio, nitore, ac ornatu, argumentationibus et contentione vehementioribus, quantum vel debita cogitanti, si qua debetur ipsi, reverentia, vel ea, quam ipse debeat nunc rebus ac personis, de quibus aut contra quas meditatur, nunc futuris suae meditationis spectatoribus praecipuis, κατ' ἤθη, § 698. postulaverit: verum et naturalem colorem servat, § 622, 623. Neque negliget moratum hoc, § 226, 227. et aequabile, § 267. et strictius etiam temperatum cogitandi genus, § 270. regulam illam apud Ciceronem, Off. I. 90;

So long as it restrains itself from affected abundance, dignity, exact zeal for truth, brightness and ornament, more vehement arguments and contention, only as much as either reverence owed to the thinker, if any is owed to him, or that reverence which he himself owes now to things and persons about which or against which he meditates, now to the future principal spectators of his meditation, κατ' ἤθη, §698, requires, it preserves true and natural color, §§622–623. Nor will this moralized, §§226–227, equable, §267, and even more strictly tempered kind of thinking, §270, neglect Cicero's rule in De officiis I.90:

Sourced quotation · Cicero [808]

Recte videntur praecipere, qui monent, ut, quanto superiores simus, tanto nos submissius geramus.

There seems to be sound advice, therefore, in this word of warning: “The higher we are placed, the more humbly should we walk.”.

Sources and textual notes

[751] Ovid, Metamorphoses 1.102, 1.107-108, and 1.111-112. Brookes More, The Metamorphoses of Ovid (Boston: Cornhill Publishing Co., 1922), Perseus Digital Library text. Source 1

Baumgarten takes the second half of Ovid 1.102, omits lines 103-106 without an ellipsis, resumes at 107-108, omits 109-110 without an ellipsis, and resumes again at 111-112. He capitalizes all five retained verse openings, capitalizes source zephyri, changes the semicolon after tellus to a comma, and changes the final period to a comma before his own following prose. The bracketed ellipses in the selected English passage are this ledger's marks for those two omissions, not words or punctuation in More's edition. More expands the fragment of 1.102 to a complete English sentence but otherwise lets the three selected source units remain visible.

Reuse information

More's translation was published in 1922 and is in the United States public domain. The Perseus canonical repository supplies the digital source file.

[752] Ovid, Metamorphoses 1.126. Baumgarten explicitly cites verse 126. Arthur Golding, The XV Bookes of P. Ouidius Naso, Entytuled Metamorphosis (London: William Seres, 1567), Perseus Digital Library text. Source 1

Baumgarten retains only the second half of Ovid's line 126, omitting saevior ingeniis et as well as the bronze generation named in line 125 and the qualification in line 127. He ends his fragment with a comma where the source line also continues syntactically. Golding translates the complete three-line description and renders the retained phrase as “bent to cruell warres and rage”; his English follows Ovid's unabridged text.

Reuse information

Golding's translation was published in 1567 and is in the public domain. The Perseus canonical repository supplies the digital source file.

[753] Ovid, Metamorphoses 1.144-153. Baumgarten cites verse 153 after the quotation. Arthur Golding, The XV Bookes of P. Ouidius Naso, Entytuled Metamorphosis (London: William Seres, 1567), Perseus Digital Library text. Source 1

Baumgarten reproduces the same ten Ovidian verses but divides their syntax into shorter sentences: most notably, the colon after rapto becomes a period, the semicolon after genero becomes a period, and the semicolon after mariti becomes a period. He prints assimilated Imminet and Affectasse for the comparison text's Inminet and adfectasse, and the regular accusative plural madentes for its poetic madentis. His numerous line-initial capitals and capitalized Pietas do not change the sense. Golding translates Ovid's unadapted sequence and expands the compact reciprocal clauses into paired English lines.

Reuse information

Golding's translation was published in 1567 and is in the public domain. The Perseus canonical repository supplies the digital source file.

[754] Horace, Epistles 1.17.23. Baumgarten prints the same locus. Christopher Smart, The Works of Horace, revised by Theodore Alois Buckley (New York: Harper and Brothers, 1883 edition), Project Gutenberg eBook 14020. Source 1

Horace's series is color et status et res. Baumgarten reverses the first two nouns to status, et color, et res, adds commas within the series, capitalizes its opening, and supplies a terminal comma. Smart follows the source order—“complexion of life, every station and circumstance”—rather than Baumgarten's reordered wording.

Reuse information

Smart's eighteenth-century translation and Buckley's nineteenth-century revision are in the public domain. Project Gutenberg distributes the digital text as public-domain material in the United States.

[755] Horace, Ars poetica 86-92. Baumgarten explicitly cites verse 86 before the quotation. Christopher Smart, The Works of Horace, edited by Theodore Alois Buckley (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1863), Perseus Digital Library text. Source 1

The parenthetical ait after Descriptas is Baumgarten's reporting verb, not part of Horace's verse. Baumgarten also adds commas, turns the source semicolon after volt into a period, joins source lines 91-92 with a comma after Thyestae, and prints the variants vult and caena for this comparison text's volt and cena. Capitalization follows his displayed lineation. Smart translates Horace's uninterrupted argument and therefore has no equivalent for the inserted ait.

Reuse information

Smart died in 1771 and the cited edition was published in 1863; the translation is in the public domain. The Perseus canonical repository supplies the digital source file.

[756] Virgil, Aeneid 4.701. Theodore C. Williams, The Aeneid of Virgil (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1910), Perseus Digital Library text. Source 1

Baumgarten extracts only line 701, capitalizes its opening, and replaces the source comma with a period. The omitted lines identify Iris and supply the finite verb devolat. Williams restores that immediate context and renders Virgil's unadapted sentence; “a thousand colors” corresponds directly to Baumgarten's retained words.

Reuse information

Williams's translation was published in 1910 and is in the United States public domain. The Perseus canonical repository supplies the digital source file.

[757] Virgil, Aeneid 1.1. Theodore C. Williams, The Aeneid of Virgil (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1910), Perseus Digital Library text. Source 1

Baumgarten stops after the famous opening hemistich and changes Virgil's comma after cano to a period; he makes no lexical change within the four retained words. Williams necessarily continues into the relative clause that completes the Latin verse, so the selected English line is slightly wider than Baumgarten's excerpt.

Reuse information

Williams's translation was published in 1910 and is in the United States public domain. The Perseus canonical repository supplies the digital source file.

[758] Virgil, Aeneid 6.86-87. Theodore C. Williams, The Aeneid of Virgil (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1910), Perseus Digital Library text. Source 1

Baumgarten begins within line 86 after the Sibyl's sed non et venisse volent and capitalizes Et at the displayed second line. His Tyberim is an orthographic form of the river name printed Thybrim in the comparison text. Williams includes the omitted warning (“Shall rue their coming thither!”), translates the repetition as “war, red war,” and otherwise follows Virgil's unadapted prophecy.

Reuse information

Williams's translation was published in 1910 and is in the United States public domain. The Perseus canonical repository supplies the digital source file.

[759] Lucan, Pharsalia (or Bellum civile) 1.1-8. Baumgarten quotes lines 1-7 and rewrites line 8. Sir Edward Ridley, The Pharsalia of Lucan (London: Longmans, Green, and Co., 1905), Perseus Digital Library text. Source 1

Lines 1-7 are Lucan with Baumgarten's display line breaks and minor punctuation: he drops the comma after regni and adds one before et pila. His last sentence is a deliberate rewriting, not a textual variant. Lucan addresses the citizens—Quis furor, o cives, quae tanta licentia ferri— where Baumgarten breaks the question into exclamations, addresses poets as vates, and substitutes Horatian ab ovo for ferri. His following remark about a “cyclic writer” confirms the joke about beginning too far back. Ridley translates Lucan's original “citizens” and completes the English question with the substance of Latin line 9; it does not translate Baumgarten's adaptation.

Reuse information

Ridley's translation was published in 1905 and is in the public domain. The Perseus canonical repository supplies the digital source file.

[760] Silius Italicus, Punica 1.1-3. Henry William Tytler, Punics of Caius Silius Italicus, Translated into English Verse, 2 vols. (Calcutta: V. Holcroft, Asiatic Press, 1828), vol. 1. Source 1

The source opens Ordior arma (“I begin/take up arms”), while Baumgarten prints future Ordiar arma (“I shall begin with arms”). He also lowercases the source proper adjective Oenotria. At Carthago he stops after the source's sentence-ending period and omits the remainder of line 3, da, Musa, decus memorare laborum. Tytler translates the unadapted source opening as “I sing those arms” and ends the corresponding third English line with a colon before his invocation of the Muse.

Reuse information

Tytler died in 1808 and the translation was published posthumously in 1828; it is in the public domain. The Internet Archive scan's Google Books notice identifies the digitized volume as a public-domain book.

[761] Claudian, De bello Gothico 1-8 (Carmina 26.1-8). Maurice Platnauer, Claudian, vol. 2 (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press; London: William Heinemann, 1922), Perseus Digital Library text. Source 1

Baumgarten's quum, irrumpere, and Typhis correspond to the comparison text's cum, inrumperet, and Tiphys. The change from finite imperfect subjunctive inrumperet to infinitive irrumpere disrupts the source's temporal clause and is substantive, not merely orthographic. More seriously, Oeteam replaces Aeetam, the accusative of Aeëtes, king of Colchis. Baumgarten also removes several source commas, capitalizes displayed line openings, and converts the semicolon after ratem into a period, omitting the continuation stupuere superbae. Platnauer translates Claudian's unadapted text, correctly naming Aeëtes and making Argo's passage the finite event subordinate to what is reported of Tiphys.

Reuse information

Platnauer's translation was published in 1922 and is in the United States public domain. The Perseus canonical repository supplies the digital source file.

[762] Juvenal, Satires 2.1-3. Lewis Evans, “Juvenal, Satire 2” (1889 translation), formatted and annotated by C. Chinn (2007), Pomona College source page. Source 1

Baumgarten prints the common variant quoties for the source edition's quotiens, changes line-initial capitalization, and inserts commas after libet, audent, and simulant. The wording otherwise agrees. Evans renders the cultural contrast in Curios simulant et Bacchanalia vivunt as “pretend to be Curii and live like Bacchanals.”

Reuse information

Evans's translation was published in 1889 and is in the United States public domain. The linked page identifies the translator and date.

[763] Cicero, De finibus bonorum et malorum 4.78. H. Rackham, Cicero: De Finibus Bonorum et Malorum (Loeb Classical Library; London: William Heinemann; New York: Macmillan, 1914), LacusCurtius transcription. Source 1

Cicero writes verba tenent mordicus (“they cling tooth and nail to the terminology”) and then quae rursus dum sibi evelli ex ordine nolunt. Baumgarten inverts and subordinates the first phrase as dum mordicus tenent, omits its object verba, and replaces ex ordine with ex ore vel animo. He also substitutes neque ... volunt for quae rursus ... nolunt and adds a third respect, et ipsa cogitandi ratione, to Cicero's et oratione et moribus. Rackham translates Cicero's shorter, unaltered argument.

Reuse information

Rackham's translation was published in 1914 and is in the United States public domain. LacusCurtius supplies the consulted digital text and edition information.

[764] Silius Italicus, Punica 11.202 and 11.205-206, reordered by Baumgarten. Thomas Ross, The Second Punick War between Hannibal, and the Romanes: The Whole Seventeen Books, Englished from the Latine of Silius Italicus (London: Tho. Roycroft, 1661), Book XI, p. 304, Internet Archive scan. Source 1

In Silius, Hannibal is the subject of iubet and the sentence ends after his order concerning Decius; horrida virtus, armatum ... pectus, and recti ... cupido begin a new sentence describing Decius. Baumgarten removes the full stop after iubet, so horrida Virtus can instead appear to govern the verb, then moves Audita asperitate from line 202 to the end of his excerpt. He drops the rest of line 202 and changes capitalization and punctuation. Ross translates the continuous source-order narrative rather than Baumgarten's fusion: his “Commands / The Deputies ... to send / For Decius” preserves Hannibal as the agent of the order, while “rough Valour,” “a Breast arm'd with Faith,” and “a Soul inclin'd / To Justice” describe Decius.

Reuse information

Ross's translation was published in 1661 and is in the public domain. The linked Internet Archive page is a scan of that edition.

[765] Quintilian, Institutio oratoria 2.13.14. H. E. Butler, The Institutio Oratoria of Quintilian, vol. 1 (Loeb Classical Library; London: William Heinemann; New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1920), Perseus Digital Library text. Source 1

Baumgarten removes Quintilian's governing praecepta, quae ... vocitant, transliterates Greek καθολικά as capitalized Catholica, and adds commas after est, dicamus, and universalia. Butler translates the Greek term as “catholic rules” and universalia vel perpetualia freely as “universal or general rules.”

Reuse information

Butler's translation was published in 1920-1922 and is in the United States public domain. The linked Perseus canonical-repository file identifies the translator and edition.

[766] Virgil, Eclogues 7.41-42. James Rhoades, The Poems of Vergil (London: Oxford University Press, 1921), “Eclogue VII,” Perseus Digital Library text. Source 1

Baumgarten omits Immo ego and tibi, changes first-person videar to third-person videatur, and prints Sardois for the source edition's Sardoniis. He also changes capitalization and terminal punctuation. Rhoades follows Virgil's first-person construction, preserving the omitted “I” and “to your taste.”

Reuse information

Rhoades's translation was published in 1921 and is in the United States public domain. The linked Perseus canonical-repository file identifies the translator and edition.

[767] Horace, Epistles 1.1.17. Christopher Smart, The Works of Horace, revised by Theodore Alois Buckley (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1863), Project Gutenberg eBook 14020. Source 1

Baumgarten changes only the initial capitalization and the source semicolon to a comma. Smart's “maintainer” and “rigid partisan” render the paired metaphor custos rigidusque satelles.

Reuse information

Smart died in 1771, and the selected revised edition was published in 1863. Project Gutenberg identifies the eBook as public domain in the United States.

[768] Horace, Satires 2.2.15-16. Christopher Smart, The Works of Horace, revised by Theodore Alois Buckley (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1863), Project Gutenberg eBook 14020. Source 1

Horace uses second-person ne biberis within the exception introduced by nisi: “do not drink anything unless it is Hymettian honey diluted with Falernian.” Baumgarten removes nisi and ne, changes biberis to third-person present bibit, and extracts the resulting positive statement. Smart translates the complete source instruction and therefore retains its second-person prohibition.

Reuse information

Smart died in 1771, and the selected revised edition was published in 1863. Project Gutenberg identifies the eBook as public domain in the United States.

[769] Horace, Satires 2.2.4-6. Christopher Smart, The Works of Horace, revised by Theodore Alois Buckley (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1863), Project Gutenberg eBook 14020. Source 1

Baumgarten omits Horace's governing discite non, including the negative that excludes the dazzling banquet as a place of instruction. He prints regular accusative plural nitentes for poetic nitentis, changes both instances of cum to Dum and quum, and assimilates adclinis to Acclinis. Smart translates the full source syntax, including the omitted imperative and negative.

Reuse information

Smart died in 1771, and the selected revised edition was published in 1863. Project Gutenberg identifies the eBook as public domain in the United States.

[770] Quintilian, Institutio oratoria 2.13.1. H. E. Butler, The Institutio Oratoria of Quintilian, vol. 1 (Loeb Classical Library; London: William Heinemann; New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1920), Perseus Digital Library text. Source 1

Baumgarten removes ceteraque, the noun phrase to which quae refers, and omits facere from si aliter facere fas non sit. He also adds commas around quidam and tanquam iussi and drops the source full stop. Butler translates Quintilian's complete construction, making the referent “all the other rules” explicit.

Reuse information

Butler's translation was published in 1920-1922 and is in the United States public domain. The linked Perseus canonical-repository file identifies the translator and edition.

[771] Quintilian, Institutio oratoria 2.13.2, 2.13.6, 2.13.8, and 2.13.14, combined in that order. H. E. Butler, The Institutio Oratoria of Quintilian, vol. 1 (Loeb Classical Library; London: William Heinemann; New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1920), Perseus Digital Library text. Source 1

Baumgarten compresses four separated sections. In the first he adds genitive praeceptorum, spells causis as caussis, omits sed, and reverses the source order of occasione and necessitate. In the second he replaces neque enim ... ista praecepta with grammatically altered Nulla ... sancta sunt and drops the following explanation. In the third he omits et interim, swaps statuis atque picturis to picturis atque statuis, and adds punctuation. In the fourth he replaces demonstrative hoc genus with genus praeceptorum catholicorum, importing and Latinizing the Greek term from the preceding sentence. Butler's selected passages preserve the original separation and syntax.

Reuse information

Butler's translation was published in 1920-1922 and is in the United States public domain. The linked Perseus canonical-repository file identifies the translator and edition.

[772] Cicero, Orator 152. E. Jones, Cicero's Brutus, or History of Famous Orators: Also, His Orator, or Accomplished Speaker (London: Edward and Charles Dilly, 1776), Project Gutenberg eBook 9776. Source 1

Cicero's orationes ... horridulae is nominative, governed by indicant. Baumgarten extracts and reorders the phrase, changes both words to the accusative horridulas ... orationes for his own syntax, omits illae ipsae, and inserts indefinite alicuius after Catonis. Jones translates the continuous source construction rather than Baumgarten's recast phrase.

Reuse information

Jones's translation was published in 1776 and is in the public domain. Project Gutenberg identifies Jones as translator and labels the eBook public domain in the United States.

[773] Horace, Epistles 1.19.12-17, with lines 15-16 omitted. Christopher Smart, The Works of Horace, revised by Theodore Alois Buckley, new edition (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1863), Project Gutenberg eBook 14020. Source 1

Baumgarten prints vultu where the comparison edition has voltu, inserts several commas, and changes capitalization. More substantively, after verses 12-14 he suppresses verses 15-16 and resumes with only the opening clause of verse 17, stopping before quod si. Smart and Buckley translate the continuous source sequence, so their middle sentence marks the material Baumgarten omits.

Reuse information

Smart died in 1771, and the revised edition was published in 1863; the text is in the public domain. Project Gutenberg labels the eBook public domain in the United States.

[774] Horace, Epistles 1.19.19-20. Christopher Smart, The Works of Horace, revised by Theodore Alois Buckley, new edition (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1863), Project Gutenberg eBook 14020. Source 1

Baumgarten replaces the source comma after initial O with an exclamation point, replaces the comma after pecus with another exclamation point, and capitalizes the first word of the second printed line. The wording otherwise agrees.

Reuse information

Smart died in 1771, and the revised edition was published in 1863; the text is in the public domain. Project Gutenberg labels the eBook public domain in the United States.

[775] Cicero, Orator 28. E. Jones, Cicero's Brutus, or History of Famous Orators: Also, His Orator, or Accomplished Speaker (London: Edward and Charles Dilly, 1776), Project Gutenberg eBook 9776. Source 1

Baumgarten omits Cicero's opening Quorum genera plura sunt; hi and changes the three present-tense plurals suspicantur, Putant, and Errant to the imperfects suspicabantur, Putabant, and Errabant. He also inserts commas, lowercases Attice, and stops at quod solum, leaving Cicero's balancing clause for Entry 776. Jones translates Cicero's unaltered present-tense sequence.

Reuse information

Jones's translation was published in 1776 and is in the public domain. Project Gutenberg identifies Jones as translator and labels the eBook public domain in the United States.

[776] Cicero, Orator 28, the closing clause of the sentence also used in Entry 775. E. Jones, Cicero's Brutus, or History of Famous Orators: Also, His Orator, or Accomplished Speaker (London: Edward and Charles Dilly, 1776), Project Gutenberg eBook 9776. Source 1

Baumgarten separates Cicero's balancing clause from the preceding clause, lowercases Attice, and changes present falluntur to imperfect fallebantur. Jones's complete antithetical sentence shows the source relationship between Entries 775 and 776 and translates the original present tense.

Reuse information

Jones's translation was published in 1776 and is in the public domain. Project Gutenberg identifies Jones as translator and labels the eBook public domain in the United States.

[777] Cicero, De inventione 1.29. Charles Duke Yonge, The Orations of Marcus Tullius Cicero, vol. 4 (London: Henry G. Bohn, 1853), De inventione 1.29; ToposText digital text with paragraph numbers aligned to the 1915 Teubner Latin edition and minor edits. Source 1

Baumgarten omits source hic erit, supplying present considerandum est in place of future erit considerandum. He then changes dicatur (“be said”) to cogitetur (“be thought”) and stops before the remaining prohibitions. Yonge translates the source's dicatur, not Baumgarten's substituted verb.

Reuse information

ToposText identifies Yonge's 1853 translation as public domain and discloses its paragraph-number alignment and minor digital edits.

[778] Cicero, De oratore 3.98. J. S. Watson, Cicero on Oratory and Orators (London: George Bell & Sons, 1860), De oratore 3.98; Attalus digital text with minor alterations. Source 1

Cicero makes the entire thought subordinate to Difficile enim dictu est, quaenam causa sit, cur ea, quae .... Baumgarten omits that frame, turns the relative clause into a finite first sentence, and makes the source's main verb a second sentence introduced by the added Saepe tamen. He also changes source ab eis to ab iisdem and adds punctuation. Watson translates Cicero's single continuous sentence rather than the recast.

Reuse information

Watson's translation was published in 1860 and is in the public domain. Attalus identifies Watson, the date, and its minor alterations.

[779] Cicero, De oratore 3.98. J. S. Watson, Cicero on Oratory and Orators (London: George Bell & Sons, 1860), De oratore 3.98; Attalus digital text with minor alterations. Source 1

Baumgarten changes Cicero's two exclamation points to question marks, replaces the semicolon after delectant with a comma, closes etiam si as etiamsi, and prints historical quum for cum. His iidem differs from the comparison edition's eidem, and he adds commas before both occurrences of quam while removing the commas around si saepius fiunt. He lowercases sentence-initial quibus. Watson translates the continuous source passage.

Reuse information

Watson's translation was published in 1860 and is in the public domain. Attalus identifies Watson, the date, and its minor alterations.

[780] Horace, Ars poetica 277. Christopher Smart, The Works of Horace, revised by Theodore Alois Buckley, new edition (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1863), Project Gutenberg eBook 14020. Source 1

Baumgarten extracts only the participial phrase and omits the relative pronoun and governing verbs quae canerent agerentque. Smart and Buckley translate the complete source clause; their “had their faces besmeared with lees of wine” corresponds to Baumgarten's retained words.

Reuse information

Smart died in 1771, and the revised edition was published in 1863; the text is in the public domain. Project Gutenberg labels the eBook public domain in the United States.

[781] Ovid, Tristia 1.1.5-10. Arthur Leslie Wheeler, Ovid: Tristia, Ex Ponto (Loeb Classical Library; London: William Heinemann; Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1939 reprint of the 1924 edition), Tristia 1.1.5-10, p. 3, Internet Archive scan. Source 1

Baumgarten changes source nec cedro to synonymous neque cedro, replaces the paired dashes around verse 6 and the semicolon after libellos with commas and periods, and capitalizes each printed line. The wording otherwise agrees. Wheeler translates the continuous source passage; his “white bosses” renders candida ... cornua, with a note explaining the book-roll's projecting ends.

Reuse information

Wheeler's translation first appeared in 1924 and is in the United States public domain. The linked scan is a 1939 reprint of the same translation and identifies Wheeler as translator.

[782] Pliny the Elder, Natural History 35.97 (book 35, chapter 10 in the older division cited by Baumgarten). John Bostock and H. T. Riley, The Natural History of Pliny (London: Taylor and Francis, 1855), Perseus Digital Library text. Source 1

Baumgarten omits Pliny's opening statement about the benefit of Apelles' inventions, ends a sentence after potuit, and therefore drops source quod. His illinebat corresponds to the comparison text's inlinebat. More substantially, repercussu claritates colorum replaces the edited cum repercussum claritatis colorum omnium; the apparatus records repercussu and claritates among the transmitted readings. Baumgarten also uses apparatus-attested et tum for edited et luminum, omits omnium, reorders claritas colorum as colorum claritas, inserts oculorum, and moves the conjunction around e longinquo. Bostock and Riley translate the older sense smoothly and call the thin atramentum coating a “black varnish.”

Reuse information

The linked Bostock-Riley edition was published in 1855 and is in the public domain. The Perseus canonical repository supplies the digital source file.

[783] Ovid, Tristia 3.1.11-12 and 3.1.55-56. Baumgarten's printed citation, “Trist. I. III. 10,” points to book 3 near line 10 but does not disclose the jump to line 55. Arthur Leslie Wheeler, Ovid: Tristia, Ex Ponto, Loeb Classical Library 151 (London: William Heinemann; New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1924), pp. 101 and 105. Source 1 · Source 2

Baumgarten preserves 3.1.11-12 apart from capitalization and terminal punctuation, then jumps to 3.1.55 and prints Adspicis for edited aspicis. Instead of Ovid's answering question, aspicis alternos intremuisse pedes?, he supplies the prose rejoinder Immo vero, quia non erubescunt epistolae (“No, rather because letters do not blush”). That last line must not be represented as Wheeler's translation or silently attributed to Ovid; Wheeler's selected English therefore gives Ovid's actual lines at both loci.

Reuse information

Wheeler's translation was published in 1924 and is in the United States public domain. The linked Internet Archive scan reproduces that edition.

[784] Quintilian, Institutio oratoria 12.10.73 and 12.10.75. H. E. Butler, The Institutio Oratoria of Quintilian, vol. 4 (Loeb Classical Library; Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press; London: William Heinemann, 1922), Perseus Digital Library text. Source 1

The opening words are extracted from Quintilian's catalogue of corrupt styles in section 73. Baumgarten changes finite nitet to participle nitens. His following participles evanescens ac moriens recast the plural finite verbs evanescunt ... atque emoriuntur from section 75, omit hac ... comparatione meliorum, and make the two separated clauses one continuous singular characterization. Butler's ellipsed selection keeps the two source contexts distinct.

Reuse information

Butler's four-volume translation was published from 1920 to 1922 and is in the United States public domain. The Perseus canonical repository supplies the digital source file.

[785] Quintilian, Institutio oratoria 12.10.75-76. H. E. Butler, The Institutio Oratoria of Quintilian, vol. 4 (Loeb Classical Library; Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press; London: William Heinemann, 1922), Perseus Digital Library text. Source 1

Baumgarten starts after section 75's finite comparison, expands ut to quemadmodum, changes adversative at to ac, and changes subjunctive obruatur to indicative obruitur, then omits ut Ovidius ait. The edited text's Tyriae eam is Halm's conjecture; its apparatus records manuscript etiam, the reading used by Baumgarten. In section 76 he prints sulphura for sulfura. His singular sequence illud, quod fefellerat, exuat is likewise apparatus-attested (against edited plural illum, quo fefellerant, exuant), and pallescat continues that singular recast. Finally, lucent becomes the subjunctive Luceat, and Baumgarten inserts et before the insect simile. Butler translates the edited text, including the Tyrian-cloak reading and the original indicative “shine.”

Reuse information

Butler's four-volume translation was published from 1920 to 1922 and is in the United States public domain. The Perseus canonical repository supplies the digital source file.

[786] Horace, Epodes 12.10-11 (Baumgarten's “ep. od. XII”). Christopher Smart, revised by Theodore Alois Buckley, The Works of Horace (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1863), Project Gutenberg eBook 14020. Source 1

Baumgarten prints humida where the comparison edition has umida, inserts a comma after creta, and capitalizes Stercore. More importantly, he ends line 11 after crocodili and supplies a full stop, omitting Horace's continuation iamque subando and all of line 12. Smart's prose gives the completed cosmetic image but does not carry the omitted description into the selected quotation.

Reuse information

Smart died in 1771 and the cited edition was published in 1863; the translation is in the public domain. Project Gutenberg supplies the digital text and its United States reuse statement.

[787] Cicero, De oratore 3.199. J. S. Watson, Cicero on Oratory and Orators (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1860), lightly modernized online by Attalus. Source 1

Baumgarten omits His tribus figuris, the antecedent that identifies Cicero's three styles, adds a comma after venustatis, and prints assimilated illitus for the comparison text's inlitus. Watson restores the omitted subject frame as “In each of these three forms” and translates the unabridged sentence.

Reuse information

Watson's translation was published in 1860 and is in the public domain. Attalus identifies the base translation and notes minor alterations to antiquated wording.

[788] Cicero, De officiis 1.130 (book 1, chapter 36 in the comparison edition; Baumgarten cites the older division “I. 30”). Walter Miller, Cicero: De Officiis (Loeb Classical Library; Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press; London: William Heinemann, 1913), Perseus Digital Library text. Source 1

Baumgarten replaces connective autem with emphatic Ipsa, capitalizes the new sentence, and stops before Cicero's balancing statement that complexion is maintained by exercise. Miller's selected English retains both halves of Cicero's formulation and therefore translates the comparison text rather than Baumgarten's emphatic recast.

Reuse information

Miller's translation was published in 1913 and is in the public domain. The Perseus canonical repository supplies the digital source file.

[789] Cicero, Brutus 162 (also known as De claris oratoribus 162 in Baumgarten's citation). E. Jones, The Brutus of Cicero (1776), with a few words and spellings changed in the Attalus transcription. Source 1

Cicero's In his omnibus refers to the two speeches of Crassus just mentioned, and inest means that this colour “is present in” them. Baumgarten omits the referential phrase and changes inest to independent est, making the fragment a general proposition. Jones's “In these” preserves the source context that Baumgarten removes.

Reuse information

Jones's translation was published in 1776 and is in the public domain. Attalus identifies the edition and explicitly notes its light verbal modernization.

[790] Cicero, Brutus 298 (also known as De claris oratoribus 298 in Baumgarten's citation). E. Jones, The Brutus of Cicero (1776), with a few words and spellings changed in the Attalus transcription. Source 1

Cicero says that Cato's outlines lacked nothing except the flower and colour of pigments “which had not yet been invented.” Baumgarten extracts liniamentis, florem, pigmentorum, and defuisse but changes florem to nominative flos, replaces the relative clause with adjective recentium, changes perfect infinitive defuisse to present defit, omits colorem, and adds the contrast potius, quam adsit nimius (“is lacking rather than present to excess”). Jones translates Cicero's complete source claim, not Baumgarten's new maxim.

Reuse information

Jones's translation was published in 1776 and is in the public domain. Attalus identifies the edition and explicitly notes its light verbal modernization.

[791] Quintilian, Institutio oratoria 10.1.117, on Cassius Severus. H. E. Butler, The Institutio Oratoria of Quintilian, vol. 4 (Loeb Classical Library; Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press; London: William Heinemann, 1922), Perseus Digital Library text. Source 1

Baumgarten removes nam et ... est in eo, changes nominative acerbitas mira and urbanitas to accusatives governed by his own sentence, and intensifies urbanitatem with summam. He stops before source et fervor, which Butler renders “passion”; the selected English also includes the immediately following judgment that Baumgarten develops as concordance entry 792. Butler translates Quintilian's original syntax, not Baumgarten's accusative list.

Reuse information

Butler's four-volume translation was published from 1920 to 1922 and is in the United States public domain. The Perseus canonical repository supplies the digital source file.

[792] Quintilian, Institutio oratoria 10.1.117, on Cassius Severus. H. E. Butler, The Institutio Oratoria of Quintilian, vol. 4 (Loeb Classical Library; London: William Heinemann; Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1922), 10.1.117, Perseus Digital Library text. Source 1

Baumgarten joins stomacho and plus ... quam consilio from the end of Quintilian's first sentence to amari sales from the next. He changes nominative amari sales to ablative amaris salibus so that it can stand beside stomacho, inserts et, changes perfect dedit to perfect subjunctive dederit for his governing context, and adds commas around quam consilio. Butler translates Quintilian's two continuous source sentences, not Baumgarten's recombination.

Reuse information

Butler's translation was published in 1922 and is in the United States public domain. The Perseus canonical repository supplies the digital source file.

[793] Cicero, Brutus 171; Baumgarten cites this as Brutus 170. E. Jones, Cicero's Brutus, or History of Famous Orators: Also, His Orator, or Accomplished Speaker (London: Edward and Charles Dilly, 1776), Project Gutenberg eBook 9776. Source 1

Baumgarten suppresses Cicero's dialogue tags inquit and inquam, prints Quis ... ille for qui ... iste, and omits iam before intelleges. His three dashes honestly signal the omission from audies to quod, but he resumes with In rather than Cicero's quod in. He prints quum for cum, recinit quoddam for the comparison text's retinnit quiddam, and caeteris for ceteris, besides repunctuating. The critical apparatus records recinuit in part of the manuscript tradition, so Baumgarten's resonant verb is historically grounded even though it does not match the selected critical text. Jones translates the complete dialogue and therefore also translates the material hidden by Baumgarten's dashes.

Reuse information

Jones's translation was published in 1776 and is in the public domain. Project Gutenberg identifies Jones as translator and labels eBook 9776 public domain in the United States.

[794] Catullus, Carmina 22.2 and 22.12-13. Leonard C. Smithers, prose translation in The Carmina of Caius Valerius Catullus (London: printed for the translators, 1894), Project Gutenberg eBook 20732. Source 1

Baumgarten takes Catullus 22.2, omits its copula est, then jumps without an ellipsis over 22.3-11 and over the question hoc quid putemus esse? at the start of 22.12 before resuming with qui modo scurra and 22.13. He inserts commas into 22.2 and before videbatur, and capitalizes Homo and Aut. The bracketed ellipses in the selected English passage are this ledger's omission marks. Smithers follows a source text with scitius and therefore writes “shrewder”; Baumgarten and the comparison edition read tritius. The selected translation is existing evidence for the passage, not an assertion that those two Latin readings are identical.

Reuse information

Smithers's prose translation was published in 1894 and is in the public domain. Project Gutenberg labels eBook 20732 public domain in the United States.

[795] Catullus, Carmina 22.9-11. Leonard C. Smithers, prose translation in The Carmina of Caius Valerius Catullus (London: printed for the translators, 1894), Project Gutenberg eBook 20732. Source 1

Baumgarten begins inside Catullus 22.9, dropping haec cum legas tu, which supplies the condition translated by Smithers as “when thou readest these.” He inserts a comma after Suffenus, prints ac for the comparison edition's aut, capitalizes Rursus, and turns the colon after videtur into a period. Smithers's prose makes the omitted condition explicit and translates the continuous three-line source unit.

Reuse information

Smithers's prose translation was published in 1894 and is in the public domain. Project Gutenberg labels eBook 20732 public domain in the United States.

[796] Cicero, Epistulae ad familiares 9.14.7, to Dolabella (Pompeianum, 3 May 44 BCE); the same letter is also transmitted and numbered as Ad Atticum 14.17a. Evelyn S. Shuckburgh, The Letters of Cicero: The Whole Extant Correspondence in Chronological Order (London: George Bell and Sons, 1908-1909), Perseus Digital Library text of Ad Atticum 14.17a. Source 1

This is securely sourced but not a verbatim Ciceronian phrase. Baumgarten turns Cicero's summa severitas animadversionis into severitatis color, introducing his controlling aesthetic term color. Accordingly he changes feminine invidiosa to masculine invidiosus, while popularis can serve either gender, and omits Cicero's summa, governing construction, and esset. Shuckburgh translates Cicero's original sentence, not Baumgarten's recasting.

Reuse information

Shuckburgh died in 1906, and this edition appeared in 1908-1909; the translation is in the United States public domain. The Perseus canonical repository supplies the digital source file.

[797] Cicero, Epistulae ad familiares 9.14.7, to Dolabella (Pompeianum, 3 May 44 BCE); the same letter is also transmitted and numbered as Ad Atticum 14.17a. Evelyn S. Shuckburgh, The Letters of Cicero: The Whole Extant Correspondence in Chronological Order (London: George Bell and Sons, 1908-1909), Perseus Digital Library text of Ad Atticum 14.17a. Source 1

Baumgarten's full sentence reads Severitatem enim lego apud Ciceronem Fam. VIIII. ep. 14. non veritatem ...: “I read severitatem in Cicero ... not veritatem.” Thus the italic/concordance segment begins with the reading he rejects. Cicero has summa severitas animadversionis and later et cum bonis omnibus tum infimo cuique gratissima; the excerpt instead has accusative veritatem ... gratissimam, omits summa, et before cum, and the intervening words, and punctuates after omnibus. Shuckburgh properly translates the accepted Ciceronian text. This record must not be cited as an English translation of veritatem.

Reuse information

Shuckburgh died in 1906, and this edition appeared in 1908-1909; the translation is in the United States public domain. The Perseus canonical repository supplies the digital source file.

[798] Cicero, De oratore 2.183; Baumgarten's adjacent citation gives De oratore 2.185. J. S. Watson, Cicero on Oratory and Orators (London: Henry G. Bohn, 1860), 2.183, in the Attalus presentation with minor modernizing alterations. Source 1

Baumgarten omits Cicero's Sed and orationis, changes genus hoc totum to totum genus, future excellet for present excellit, e. g. in for in eis, and orthographic caussis for causis. Most importantly, he drops minus before potest. Cicero says this mode excels where the judge's mind is less able or “not likely” to be inflamed; Baumgarten's wording says where it can be inflamed. The bracketed ellipsis in Watson's translation is this ledger's mark for the remainder of Cicero's explanation.

Reuse information

Watson's translation was published in 1860 and is in the public domain. Attalus identifies Watson and states that it makes minor alterations to antiquated wording.

[799] Cicero, De oratore 2.317. J. S. Watson, Cicero on Oratory and Orators (London: Henry G. Bohn, 1860), 2.317, in the Attalus presentation with minor modernizing alterations. Source 1

Baumgarten changes Cicero's opening Nec est dubium to dubium non est, retaining the sense but moving the negative. He stops before the semicolon and the gladiatorial comparison, and his own sentence supplies the terminal punctuation. The bracketed ellipsis in the source and English comparison is this ledger's mark for that continuing explanation; Watson translates Cicero's original word order.

Reuse information

Watson's translation was published in 1860 and is in the public domain. Attalus identifies Watson and states that it makes minor alterations to antiquated wording.

[800] Cicero, Philippics 8.16. C. D. Yonge, The Orations of Marcus Tullius Cicero, vol. 4 (London: Henry G. Bohn, 1856), Philippics 8.16, Project Gutenberg eBook 11080. Source 1

Cicero speaks in the first person, vehementer me agere fateor, iracunde nego. Baumgarten makes that report depend on his own Cicero ... fatetur: he changes object me to reflexive se and first-person fateor to third-person fatetur. The concordance stops after iracunde, while Baumgarten's following, nonitalic negat supplies Cicero's nego. Yonge translates the complete source contrast; the isolated concordance segment is not a complete Latin clause after its comma.

Reuse information

Yonge's translation was published in 1856 and is in the public domain. Project Gutenberg identifies Yonge as translator and labels eBook 11080 public domain in the United States.

[801] Pliny the Younger, Panegyricus Traiani 41.3. White Kennett, An Address of Thanks to a Good Prince, Presented in the Panegyrick of Pliny, upon Trajan, the Best of Roman Emperours (London: M. Flesher for Thomas Fickus, 1685), p. 81, EEBO-TCP transcription hosted by the Oxford Text Archive. Source 1

Keil's 1870 critical text prints fronte tristi et gravi supercilio, while its apparatus records fronte gravi et tristi supercilio in witnesses B and delta; Baumgarten therefore preserves an attested older order rather than merely transposing the adjectives himself. He also prints nunquam for numquam, reverses the order of Pliny's main and relative clauses, changes subjunctive adessent to indicative adsunt, and changes nominative qui to accusative quos so that quos ... defuisse can depend on his external putat Plinius. Kennett translates the source construction, not Baumgarten's grammatical adaptation.

Reuse information

Kennett's translation was published in 1685 and is in the public domain. The Oxford Text Archive's EEBO-TCP transcription states that the keyboarded text is available under CC0 1.0 Universal.

[802] Propertius, Elegies 4.11.22. H. E. Butler, Propertius, with an English Translation (London: William Heinemann; New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1912), p. 333. Source 1

Baumgarten quotes the complete pentameter, capitalizes its first word, and replaces the source colon with a period; the words otherwise agree. In Propertius the line continues the preceding assideant fratres, so Butler supplies that governing clause in English rather than presenting the line as a syntactically isolated sentence.

Reuse information

Butler's translation was published in 1912 and is in the United States public domain. The Internet Archive supplies the scanned edition.

[803] Cicero, De oratore 2.182. Baumgarten cites it as book 1, section 182. J. S. Watson, Cicero on Oratory and Orators (London: Henry G. Bohn, 1860), De oratore 2.182; Attalus digital text with minor alterations. Source 1

The modern comparison text marks is significatio for deletion after vultus pudor; the older reading vultus pudoris significatio underlies both Baumgarten's quotation and Watson's “a countenance expressive of modesty.” Baumgarten omits initial Sed, inserts a comma after vultus, and changes the source semicolon after comitas to a period. The two literal … tokens in the concordance mark places where Baumgarten's own nonitalic glosses interrupt the quotation; Cicero's words are continuous at those two points. Baumgarten's three dashes, by contrast, skip Cicero's sentence beginning Facilitatis, and his resumed Ea omnia drops the source enclitic in eaque. He also stops before abalienantque ab eis.

Reuse information

Watson's translation was published in 1860 and is in the public domain. Attalus identifies Watson and discloses that its displayed text has minor alterations.

[804] Quintilian, Institutio oratoria 11.1.85. H. E. Butler, The Institutio Oratoria of Quintilian, vol. 4 (Loeb Classical Library; London: William Heinemann; Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1922), 11.1.85, Perseus Digital Library text. Source 1

Baumgarten extracts Quintilian's opening clause, omits the example beginning ut Cicero, and places the lower-case fragment inside his own sentence. The wording of the retained clause agrees exactly.

Reuse information

Butler's translation was published in 1922 and is in the United States public domain. The Perseus canonical repository supplies the digital source file.

[805] Quintilian, Institutio oratoria 11.1.85. H. E. Butler, The Institutio Oratoria of Quintilian, vol. 4 (Loeb Classical Library; London: William Heinemann; Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1922), 11.1.85, Perseus Digital Library text. Source 1

Baumgarten takes tractandorum animorum artifex from Quintilian's first sentence, reverses the two genitives, and makes the phrase the subject of present subjunctive assequatur. Quintilian instead has the implicit Cicero as subject of perfect adsecutus ... est. Baumgarten changes causa to caussa, imperfect videretur to present videatur, and source contra quos diceret (“against whom he spoke”) to contra quos armatus est (“against whom he is armed”). Butler translates the continuous source prose, not Baumgarten's recombination.

Reuse information

Butler's translation was published in 1922 and is in the United States public domain. The Perseus canonical repository supplies the digital source file.

[806] Quintilian, Institutio oratoria 11.1.81. H. E. Butler, The Institutio Oratoria of Quintilian, vol. 4 (Loeb Classical Library; London: William Heinemann; Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1922), 11.1.81, Perseus Digital Library text. Source 1

Quintilian writes quodsi nulla contingit excusatio, sola colorem habet paenitentia. Baumgarten detaches and fronts sola habet poenitentia, omits the rhetorically technical colorem, moves the condition after it, changes paenitentia to poenitentia, and inserts iis, qui peccaverant. That insertion appears to generalize the following source sentence about one who had erred. Butler's “our only hope” interprets the omitted sola colorem habet and therefore translates Quintilian's source, not the shortened recast.

Reuse information

Butler's translation was published in 1922 and is in the United States public domain. The Perseus canonical repository supplies the digital source file.

[807] Propertius, Elegies 1.2.9. H. E. Butler, Propertius, with an English Translation (London: William Heinemann; New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1912), p. 7. Source 1

Butler's facing Latin confirms that formosa is a historical textual reading and his “lovely earth” translates it. Against Butler's text, Baumgarten adds d in Adspice, changes relative quos (“what [hues]”) to quantitative quot (“how many”), writes submittat for summittat, inserts a comma, and changes the semicolon to an exclamation point. Müller's 1898 critical text instead reads non fossa (“untilled”) where both Baumgarten and Butler have formosa.

Reuse information

Butler's translation was published in 1912 and is in the United States public domain. The Internet Archive supplies the scanned edition.

[808] Cicero, De officiis 1.90. Walter Miller, De Officiis (Loeb Classical Library; London: William Heinemann; New York: Macmillan, 1913), 1.90, Project Gutenberg eBook 47001. Source 1

Cicero's clause is introduced by consecutive ut and has subjunctive videantur: ut recte praecipere videantur. Baumgarten drops that first ut, makes videntur indicative, and reorders the words as Recte videntur praecipere. In the nested maxim he moves submissius before geramus and prints single-m submissius for source summissius. Miller translates Cicero's continuous source sentence.

Reuse information

Miller's translation was published in 1913 and is in the public domain. Project Gutenberg labels eBook 47001 public domain in the United States.