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Alexander Gottlieb Baumgarten

Aesthetica

Interlinear Beta v2 · §§176–200

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§ 176

Breviter: Para opes, S. VIII, unde possunt expectari, S. VIIII, unde sumpseris, parum curaverim, S. X; para tu modo, S. XI, fodes, S. XII, paratas exhibe rotunda brevitate, S. XIII, meditationique tua posthinc commemorandarum venustatum, § 22, non immemor,

Briefly: prepare resources, Section VIII, from where they can be expected, Section VIIII; from where you have taken them I shall have cared little, Section X. Only prepare them, Section XI; dig them up, Section XII; display them, once prepared, with rounded brevity, Section XIII; and for your meditation, not forgetful of the charms to be commemorated hereafter, § 22,

Sourced quotation · Ovid [128]

Conveniet voto longa, § 116, brevisque, S. XIIII, meo.

"With every size my passion does agree,
And tall and short are both alike to me."

Ov.

Ovid.

§ 177

Secunda cura sit in rebus venuste cogitandis § 115 magnitudo, M. § 515, sed aesthetica, quo nomine 1) pondus obiectorum, § 18, et gravitatem, M. § 166, 2) proportionatarum obiectis cogitationum, 3) cum foecunditate utrorumque, M. § 166, complectamur. § 22.

The second care in matters to be thought gracefully, § 115, should be magnitude, Metaphysics § 515, but aesthetic magnitude. By this name we include 1) the weight of objects, § 18, and gravity, Metaphysics § 166; 2) thoughts proportioned to the objects; 3) together with the fruitfulness of both, Metaphysics § 166. § 22.

Passage with quotations · Pseudo-Longinus [129]

Illud vere magnum, quod subinde cogitandum considerandumque nobis occurrit (polle he anatheoresis), quod vix, ac ne vix quidem, animo excidere potest, sed constanti, firma, et indelebili memoria retinetur.

"For what is truly great gives abundant food for thought: it is irksome, nay, impossible, to resist its effect; the memory of it is stubborn and indelible."

Longinus. S. VI.

– polle he anatheoresis – Longinus, Section VI.

§ 178

Sourced quotation · Horace [130]

Ingenium cui sit, cui mens divinior, atque os Magna § 177 sonaturum, des nominis huius honorem,

"To him who has genius, who has a soul of a diviner cast, and a greatness of expression, give the honor of this appellation."

ut poeta dicatur, et musicus, si magna canat, et pictor, si magna pingat e.c.

so that he may be called poet, and musician if he sings great things, and painter if he paints great things, etc.

Sourced quotation · Pliny the Younger [131]

Voluminibus ipsis auctoritatem aliquam et pulcritudinem adiicit magnitudo.

"even the mere volumes themselves acquire a certain additional dignity and beauty from mere bulk."

Plin. ep. l. 20.

Pliny, letter I.20.

Magnitudinem autem aestheticam primo dividamus denuo, sicut ubertatem, § 116, in absolutam, omni pulcre cogitando necessariam, § 177, et relativam ac comparativam, illum absolutae gradum, qui quibusdam pulcre cogitandis peculiariter et speciatim requiritur.

But let us first divide aesthetic magnitude again, like abundance, § 116, into absolute, necessary for all beautiful thinking, § 177, and relative and comparative, that degree of the absolute which is required peculiarly and especially for certain things to be thought beautifully.

Utramque noverit, et probe distinguat,

Let one know both and distinguish them well,

Sourced quotation · Petronius [132]

Artis severae si quis ardet effectus, Mentemque magnis applicat, simul ac morem Frugalitatis § 164 lege callet exacta.

"If any man seeks for success in stern art and applies his mind to great tasks, let him first perfect his character by the rigid law of frugality."

Petr.

§ 164. Petronius.

§ 179

Quemadmodum vere pulcre cogitantes, quando non latitudinem sectantur comparativam, § 116, et multo minus in circumductum et diffusum et abundans luxuriando cogitandi genus incidere laborant, § 165, inopiae, § 120, se ipsos reos agunt extenuatione, § 175, nonnunquam forsan ironica: ita iidem, iisdem forsan ex caussis, sublimia non cogitantes, et multo minus amantes tumescere, se dicunt animi pusilli, neque tamen auditores sibi volunt credulos.

Just as those who truly think beautifully, when they do not pursue comparative breadth, § 116, and much less strive to fall, by luxuriating, into a roundabout, diffuse, and abundant kind of thinking, § 165, accuse themselves of poverty, § 120, by attenuation, § 175, sometimes perhaps ironically: so these same persons, perhaps from the same causes, not thinking sublime things and much less loving to swell, call themselves of a little mind, and yet they do not wish their hearers to be credulous toward them.

Ita Horatius:

Thus Horace:

Sourced quotation · Horace [133]

Dii bene fecerunt, inopis me quodque pusilli Finxerunt animi, raro ac perpauca loquentis. At tu conclusas hircinis follibus auras.

"The gods have done a good part by me, since they have framed me of an humble and meek disposition, speaking but seldom, briefly: but do you, as much as you will, imitate air which is shut up in leathern bellows,"

e.c. Ita Martialis IX. 50:

etc. So Martial IX.50:

Sourced quotation · Martial [134]

Ingenium mihi, Gaure, probas sic esse pusillum, § 177, Carmina quod faciam, quae brevitate placent,

"You prove to me, Gaurus, that my genius is in this way a puny one, because I make poems that please by their brevity."

S. XIII.

§ 177, "because I make poems that please by brevity," Section XIII.

Sourced quotation · Martial [135]

Confiteor. Sed tu, bis denis grandia libris Qui scribis Priami proelia, magnus homo es.

"I confess it. But you, who in twice six books write of Priam's wars in grand style, are you a great man?"

§ 180

Magnitudo aesthetica relativa et comparativa multos quidem gradus habet, § 178, nunc tamen eam, uti decet aestheticum, §§ 15, 16, in tres tantum usitatos grammaticis gradus dividamus, ut quaedam magna sint, absolute scilicet, §§ 178, 177, in positivo, quaedam in comparativo, quaedam in superlativo.

Relative and comparative aesthetic magnitude indeed has many degrees, § 178; yet now, as suits an aesthetician, §§ 15, 16, let us divide it into only the three degrees familiar to grammarians: that some things are great, namely absolutely, §§ 178, 177, in the positive; some in the comparative; some in the superlative.

Prima sint humiles myricae, secunda arbusta, tertia

Let the first be "lowly tamarisks," the second "shrubs," the third "woods."

Sourced quotation · Virgil [136]

silvae. Non omnes arbusta iuvant, humilesque myricae, Si canimus silvas, silvae sint consule dignae,

"Not all men love coppice or lowly tamarisk: sing we woods, woods worthy of a Consul let them be."

Virg.

Virgil.

§ 181

Magnitudo aesthetica, § 177, et absoluta, § 178, et relativa, § 180, porro est vel naturalis, cum libertate propius non connexis conveniens, vel moralis, obiectis cogitationibusque tribuenda, quatenus propius cum libertate connectuntur.

Aesthetic magnitude, § 177, both absolute, § 178, and relative, § 180, is further either natural, fitting things not more closely connected with freedom, or moral, to be attributed to objects and thoughts insofar as they are more closely connected with freedom.

Naturalis est e.g. Virg. Aen. V. 421, quando

It is natural, for example, in Virgil, Aeneid V.421, when

Sourced quotation · Virgil [137]

Entellus duplicem ex humeris reiecit amictum Et magnos membrorum artus, magna ossa lacertosque Exuit, atque ingens media constitit arena.

"So saying, he dropped down the double-folded mantle from his shoulders, stripped bare the huge joints, the huge arms and thews, and towered gigantic in the midmost ring."

e.c. Ubertim S. VIII cogitentur intra horizontem aestheticum constituta themata, S. VIIII, locis S. X et argumentis locupletantibus, S. XI, si noveris uti, S. XII, habebunt eadem simul magnitudinem, absolutam certe, naturalem, § 177. Hinc ad hanc parum opus est novis regulis.

etc. If themes placed within the aesthetic horizon, Section VIIII, are thought abundantly according to Section VIII, with places, Section X, and enriching arguments, Section XI, if you know how to use them, Section XII, the same themes will also have magnitude, certainly absolute and natural magnitude, § 177. Hence for this there is little need of new rules.

§ 182

Magnitudinem aestheticam moralem, i.e. per libertatem legibus moralibus conformiter determinatam, quae possibilis est, § 181, deprehendo 1) in obiectis eorumque variis et consectariis, si citra detrimentum virtutis cogitari possunt pluribus, et caeteroquin eleganter, 2) in iisdem, si dictis modis cogitari possunt serius aut citius ad virtutem tandem consentientia, 3) in cogitationibus, si proportionari exaequarique suis obiectis et materiis ita possunt, ne quid detrimenti, 4) ut tandem certe nonnihil emolumenti capiat res virtutis bonorumque morum saluberrima, pulcerrima. § 177. Liceat hanc moralem magnitudinem aestheticam brevius dignitatem aestheticam dicere, et iam post § 115 videre,

Moral aesthetic magnitude, that is, magnitude determined through freedom in conformity with moral laws, insofar as it is possible, § 181, I find 1) in objects and their various consequences, if they can be thought by many persons, and otherwise elegantly, without detriment to virtue; 2) in the same objects, if in the stated ways they can sooner or later be thought as finally agreeing with virtue; 3) in thoughts, if they can be proportioned and made equal to their objects and materials in such a way that there is no detriment; 4) so that finally the most wholesome and most beautiful cause of virtue and good morals surely receives some benefit. § 177. Let it be permitted to call this moral aesthetic magnitude more briefly aesthetic dignity, and now after § 115 to see

Sourced quotation · Horace [138]

2) Quid deceat, quid non, quo virtus, quo ferat error.

"what gives grace, what not; what is the tendency of excellence, what that of error."

§ 22.

§ 22.

§ 183

Nolim hanc cogitationum venustatem, veluti per metabasin eis allo genos, et quasi falx in alienam messem immitteretur, nunc derivari tantum ex severioribus vitae beatae superioribusque legibus, aut omnino ex genuini Christianismi sanctissimis oraculis.

I should not want this charm of thoughts, as if by a metabasis eis allo genos, and as if a sickle were being put into another's harvest, now to be derived only from the stricter and higher laws of the blessed life, or altogether from the most holy oracles of genuine Christianity.

Malim eam heic considerari, velut conditionem, sine qua non, operis ingeniorum vere pulcri, qua deficiente prorsus, non spiritui solum, non rationi solum, § 15, sed ipsi rationis analogo per magnitudinem pectoris connatam, § 45, usu, § 50, disciplinaque, § 63, confirmatam suffulto pelluceat quaedam deformitas elegantia quaedam alia tamen deturpans, quoniam iis immorari non licet sine morum iactura, per exceptionem, sane, non elegantem, § 25, vel ex eius arbitrio, qui mores ex solo sapore, neque tamen publico meretricioque, metiretur, § 35.

I would prefer it here to be considered as the condition without which there is no truly beautiful work of talents. If it is wholly lacking, a certain deformity shines through, disfiguring some otherwise present elegance, not only to spirit, not only to reason, § 15, but even to the analogue of reason supported by a greatness of heart that is inborn, § 45, and confirmed by use, § 50, and discipline, § 63. For one may not linger on such matters without loss of morals, except by an exception that is surely not elegant, § 25, or by the judgment of one who measures morals from taste alone, yet not from public and meretricious taste, § 35.

§ 184

Iam hinc enim constabit, turpissimas licet poenas aliter sentientibus minantem, falli tamen Catullum, et turpiter falli, quando c. 16:

For from this it will now be clear that Catullus, although threatening the most shameful punishments to those who think otherwise, is nevertheless deceived, and shamefully deceived, when in poem 16 he says:

Sourced quotation · Catullus [139]

Castum, ait, esse decet pium poetam Ipsum, versiculos nihil necesse est Qui tum denique habent salem et leporem, Si sunt molliculi et parum pudici, Et, quod pruriat, excitare possunt.

"For pious poet it behoves be chaste Himself; no chastity his verses need; Nay, gain they finally more salt of wit When over softy and of scanty shame, Apt for exciting somewhat prurient,"

Quanquam non verius Martialis l. I. 35.

Although Martial I.35 is no truer:

Sourced quotation · Martial [140]

Lex haec carminibus data est iocosis: Non possunt, nisi pruriant, placere,

"This is the rule assigned to jocular poems, to be unable to please unless they are prurient."

dignum ille tamen patella reperit operculum ita turpem suam legem, uti decet, probans:

Yet he found a lid worthy of the dish when, as is fitting, he proves his shameful law:

Sourced quotation · Martial [141]

quis stolatum Permisit meretricibus pudorem?

"Who brings garments into Flora's festival, and permits prostitutes the
modesty of the stole?"

§ 165. Rectius utique Persius sat. 1, nisi peccat in forma:

§ 165. Persius, Satire 1, is certainly more correct, unless he sins in form: "Here with neither decent custom nor calm voice you would see huge Titi trembling," § 183,

Sourced quotation · Persius [142]

Hic neque more probo videas, neque voce serena, § 183, Ingentes trepidare Titos, quum carmina lumbum Intrant, ac tremulo scalpuntur ubi intima versu.

"Thereupon, as the thrilling strains make their way into the loins, and tickle the inward parts, you may see the burly sons of Rome, quivering in no seemly fashion, and uttering no seemly words."

§ 185

Dignitas aesthetica, § 182, pars et species magnitudinis aestheticae, sicut haec, §§ 177, 178, vel absoluta erit, omni pulcre cogitando necessaria, de qua iureconsultos romanos imitati, quicquid cogitare fusius contra bonos mores esset, illi nos ne cogitando quidem immorari posse censeamus, §§ 183, 184, vel relativa, quae quibusdam pulcre cogitandis peculiaris requiritur, non eodem in gradu in omnibus, § 178. De hac loquitur Cornelius, quando

Aesthetic dignity, § 182, a part and species of aesthetic magnitude, like magnitude itself, §§ 177, 178, will be either absolute, necessary for all beautiful thinking. About it, imitating the Roman jurists, whatever it would be against good morals to think at greater length, we should judge that we cannot dwell on even in thinking, §§ 183, 184. Or it will be relative, which is required as peculiar to certain things to be thought beautifully, not in the same degree in all, § 178. Cornelius speaks of this when

Sourced quotation · Cornelius Nepos [143]

non dubitat fore plerosque, qui suum genus scribendi leve, et non satis dignum summorum virorum personis iudicent,

"I do not doubt that there will be many, Atticus, who will think this kind of writing trifling in its nature, and not sufficiently adapted to the characters of eminent men."

et Cicero de Fin. l. 1, suspicatus aliquos futuros, qui hoc genus scribendi

And Cicero, De finibus book 1, suspected that there would be some who, although this kind of writing –

Sourced quotation · Cicero [144]

(quae philosophi graeco sermone tractarunt, latinis litteris mandans,)

"I was not ignorant, Brutus, when I was endeavouring to add to Latin literature the same things which philosophers of the most sublime genius and the most profound and accurate learning had previously handled in the Greek language."

etsi sit elegans, personae tamen et dignitatis esse negent.

– is elegant, would nevertheless deny that it belongs to a person and to dignity.

§ 186

De eadem relativa, § 185, tantum intelligendus est Cicero, quando Off. l. I. 130 pulcritudinis duo genera constituit, quorum in altero venustas sit, in altero dignitas, venustatem muliebrem ducens, dignitatem virilem.

Cicero must be understood only of the same relative dignity, § 185, when in De officiis I.130 he establishes two kinds of beauty, in one of which there is charm, in the other dignity, taking charm as feminine and dignity as masculine.

Nam et ipse poscit in oratoris perfecti vultu, ne dignitatem solum sed etiam venustatem afferat, Or. 60, et dignitati, Fam. X. ep. 6, sane non venustatem, sed deformitatem opponit.

For he himself requires that in the face of the perfect orator it bring not only dignity but also charm, Orator 60; and to dignity, Ad familiares X, ep. 6, he opposes surely not charm but deformity.

Est et matronis sua dignitas et praecisius, uti ICtum decet, § 15, Ulp. de senator.:

Matrons too have their dignity, and more precisely, as befits a jurist, § 15, Ulpian, On Senators:

Sourced quotation · Ulpian [145]

Maior dignitas est in sexu virili.

"I should hold that he does, because the male sex deserves the greater
honour."

Interim pace Ciceronis et auctoritate, licebit omnia, quibus omnino deest dignitas, etiam absoluta, deformia dicere, §§ 185, 177, et in vera, mascula praesertim pulcritudine, e.g. actionis, ad venustatem in primis dignitatem poscere, de Or. l. I. 142, et statuere

Meanwhile, with pardon for Cicero and his authority, it will be permitted to call all things deformed in which dignity, even absolute dignity, is wholly lacking, §§ 185, 177; and in true beauty, especially masculine beauty such as that of action, to require dignity above all for charm, De oratore I.142; and to establish that

Sourced quotation · Cicero [146]

deformari rem personamque detrahendo spoliandoque dignitatem.

"I should reply first to those things which the accusers have advanced with the general view of disparaging him and for the sake of detracting from his honour and despoiling him of his dignity."

Or. pro Caelio 3.

Pro Caelio 3.

§ 187

Neque diffiteor hoc confidentius me germanam dignitatem in primis pulcre cogitandorum venustatibus legere, § 186, germanis potissimum scribentem; quoniam expertus novi, in aliis, in quibus gens germanorum romanis est apprime similis, hanc etiam laudem utrique populo communem esse, de qua Cic. pro Mur. 23.

Nor do I deny that I, writing especially for Germans, choose this German dignity more confidently among the first charms of things to be thought beautifully, § 186. For I know by experience that in other matters, in which the German nation is especially similar to the Romans, this praise too is common to both peoples, about which Cicero, Pro Murena 23:

Passage with quotations · Cicero [147]

Omnes artes, quae nobis populi romani (nationis germanicae) studia conciliant, et admirabilem dignitatem et pergratam utilitatem debent habere.

"For all arts which can conciliate for us the good-will of the Roman people ought to possess both an admirable dignity, and a very delightful utility."

Vel absolutam dignitatem universim et strenue commendari arti nostrae aestheticae, relativam etiam clarius ob oculos ponenti, forte non sua solum constabit absoluta dignitas, sed et relativa quaedam tribuetur a gravibus, neque tamen tetricis, inter cives iudicibus. § 185.

(and of the German nation). If absolute dignity is universally and vigorously commended to our aesthetic art, which also places relative dignity more clearly before the eyes, perhaps not only its own absolute dignity will be established, but a certain relative dignity too will be attributed to it by serious, yet not gloomy, judges among the citizens. § 185.

§ 188

Erunt interim, nisi fallor, et in germanis civibus, qui § 182 n. 1 et 3 satis liberaliter concedant, tamen n. 2 et 4 postulari iudicent aliquid; quod ubique requirere, quando pulcre cogitatur, videatur iusto venustoque rigidius.

Meanwhile there will be, unless I am mistaken, even among German citizens, those who grant § 182 numbers 1 and 3 rather liberally, yet judge that something is demanded by numbers 2 and 4; and to require this everywhere, whenever one thinks beautifully, will seem more rigid than is just and charming.

Verum his excusabor facilius, quando 1) expresse et explicite paraenetica didicerint curatius distinguere ab iis, quae tacite et implicite et longa veluti manu, admodum mediate vel ad minorum morum praecepta non omnino nihil conferant, 2) vitam pulcrae cognitionis dotem primariam, § 22, penitius inspexerint, quam variis illa se modis ac gradibus belle soleat exserere.

But I shall be more easily excused by them when 1) they have learned more carefully to distinguish things explicitly and expressly paraenetic from those which tacitly, implicitly, and as if by a long hand, very mediately, or toward precepts of lesser morals, contribute not wholly nothing; 2) they have looked more deeply into life, the primary endowment of beautiful cognition, § 22, and how beautifully it is accustomed to put itself forth in various modes and degrees.

Nunc § 160 ita me defendam: ut negem mihi vitio verti posse, si vel eadem, vel omnino minora poposcerim, respectu disciplinae morum aut probitatis, ac ille, qui se ipse dicit, Epicuri de grege porcum, Horatius de poetis generatim iterum asserit iterumque, e.g.

Now, § 160, I shall defend myself thus: I deny that it can be turned into a fault for me if, with respect to moral discipline or probity, I have demanded either the same or altogether less than he who calls himself "a pig from Epicurus' herd," Horace, repeatedly asserts of poets generally, for example:

Sourced quotation · Horace [148]

Et prodesse volunt et delectare poetae Et simul et iucunda et idonea dicere vitae. Omne tulit punctum, qui miscuit utile dulci Lectorem delectando pariterque monendo.

"Poets wish either to profit or to delight; or to deliver at once both the pleasures and the necessaries of life. [...] He who joins the instructive with the agreeable, carries off every vote, by delighting and at the same time admonishing the reader."

§ 189

Magnitudo tandem aesthetica, § 177, hinc et dignitas, § 182, tam absolutae, quam relativae, §§ 178, 185, erunt vel obiectivae (rerum, materiae), quatenus in obiectis et cogitandis ipsis est praecipua ratio, cur per pulcrum ingenium et pectus, S. II, proportionata in magnitudine ac dignitate possint pingi, vel subiectivae (personae) possibilitates physicae potentiaeque certi hominis, etiam secundum quid et hypothetice tales, cum appetitionibus et decreto datam materiem, qua pote, qua fas est, in magnitudine et dignitate venuste sistendi ob oculos.

Finally, aesthetic magnitude, § 177, and hence also dignity, § 182, both absolute and relative, §§ 178, 185, will be either objective – of things, of material – insofar as in the objects and things to be thought themselves there is the chief reason why, through a beautiful talent and heart, Section II, they can be depicted with proportionate magnitude and dignity; or subjective – of the person – the physical possibilities and powers of a certain human being, even those such only in a qualified and hypothetical respect, together with the appetitions and resolve for setting the given material beautifully before the eyes in magnitude and dignity, so far as one can and so far as it is right.

Has posteriores dicamus magnanimitatem et gravitatem aestheticam.

Let us call these latter aesthetic magnanimity and gravity.

E. § 489.

Ethics § 489.

§ 190

Sunt res, et materiae, quarum adspectu primo describendarum cum aliqua pulcritudine statim exprimatur nobis, quod olim Virgilio:

There are things and materials at whose first sight, when they are to be described with some beauty, there is immediately expressed to us what once was expressed to Virgil:

Sourced quotation · Virgil [149]

Maior rerum mihi nascitur ordo, Maius opus moveo.

"Events of grander march impel my song, and loftier task I try."

VII. 44.

Aeneid VII.44.

Aen. Tunc felix ille, qui iustus aestimator sui vere tamen de themate tali a se pulcre exsequendo, possit praedicere, quod idem de saeculis aureis se vivo redituris:

Then happy is the one who, a just estimator of himself, yet truly about such a theme to be beautifully carried out by himself, can predict what the same poet predicted about the golden ages returning while he was alive:

Sourced quotation · Virgil [150]

Non me carminibus vincet nec Thracius Orpheus, Nec Linus, huic mater quamvis, atque huic pater adsit, Orphei Calliopea, Lino formosus Apollo. Pan deus Arcadia mecum si iudice certet, Pan etiam Arcadia dicet se iudice victum.

"Nor Thracian Orpheus should out-sing me then, nor Linus, though his mother this, and that his sire should aid - Orpheus Calliope, and Linus fair Apollo. Nay, though Pan, with Arcady for judge, my claim contest, with Arcady for judge great Pan himself should own him foiled, and from the field retire."

§ 189.

§ 189.

§ 191

Magnitudo materiae aesthetica absoluta, § 189, poscit, ne cogitanda ac themata sumantur pulcre meditaturo obiecta ac materiae, quibus intra horizontem hominum aestheticum constitutis, §§ 119, 127, omnino deest magnitudo, § 177, nugae vere tales (res infimae et nugatoriae, quisquiliae, ineptiae).

Absolute aesthetic magnitude of the material, § 189, requires that one who is going to meditate beautifully not take as objects and materials for thinking themes which, though placed within the human aesthetic horizon, §§ 119, 127, wholly lack magnitude, § 177: trifles truly such – lowest and trifling things, rubbish, inanities.

Sourced quotation · Cicero [151]

Poetam non audio in nugis,

"I overlook the trifling faults of a poet; but shall I approve my fellow-citizen's life while he is counting his misdeeds with his fingers?"

Cic. Par. 3. Unde sat. V. 19 Persius optime:

Cicero, Paradoxa 3. Hence Persius, Satire V.19, very well:

Sourced quotation · Persius [152]

Non equidem hoc studeo bullatis ut mihi nugis Pagina turgescat, dare pondus idonea fumo. Excutienda damus praecordia,

"Nay, indeed, it is no aim of mine that my page should swell with pretentious trifles, fit only to give solidity to smoke. [...] I now shake out my heart to you at the bidding of the Muse."

§ 182.

§ 182.

§ 192

Sourced quotation · Horace [153]

Si quis rixatur de lana saepe caprina, et Propugnat nugis armatus,

"another often wrangles about a goat's hair, and armed engages for any
trifle"

huc § 191 materia litis vere pertinet, nisi velit omnino suas tricas ultra horizontem aestheticum tollere, § 121. Catullus atque Martialis in ea sua cogitata, quae scripserunt ex turpi lege, de qua § 184, iusto leniores sunt, quando ea nugas vocant, alia tamen pulcrius a se concepta involventes eodem titulo sunt interpretandi ex § 179. Habentur etiam saepius in nugis, quae non sunt, qualia § 100, et forsan huc opinio Democriti, probe intellecta, quam Cicero male refutatam de Div. II. 20, non aequius in magnis nugis habet, ac

the material of the dispute truly belongs here, § 191, unless he wants altogether to raise his knots above the aesthetic horizon, § 121. Catullus and Martial, in those thoughts of theirs which they wrote from the shameful law discussed in § 184, are more lenient than is just when they call them trifles; yet when they wrap other things more beautifully conceived by themselves under the same title, they are to be interpreted according to § 179. Also, things are rather often counted among trifles which are not such, of the sort mentioned in § 100; and perhaps here belongs Democritus' opinion, rightly understood, which Cicero, badly refuted in De divinatione II.20, treats no more fairly among great trifles, and says that

Sourced quotation · Cicero [154]

physicorum genere nihil ait arrogantius esse.

"Nevertheless Democritus jests rather prettily for a natural philosopher - and there is no more arrogant class - when he says:"

§ 193

Dignitatem aestheticam, § 182, et absolutam et relativam, § 185, et obiectivam et subiectivam, quatenus in ea deprehenduntur n. 1 et 3, § 182, liceat in sequentibus negativam, quatenus autem simul n. 2 et 4 § c. considerantur, positivam appellare.

Let it be permitted in what follows to call negative aesthetic dignity, § 182, both absolute and relative, § 185, and objective and subjective, insofar as numbers 1 and 3 are found in it, § 182; but positive insofar as numbers 2 and 4 are at the same time considered.

Et quoniam nobilem iam ἤθους aesthetici partem aggredimur, definiam illud, psychologis saltim perspicue, generatim ante omnia per studium possibilitatis moralis, M. § 723, aestheticum, vel in aestheticis observatum.

And since we now approach a noble part of aesthetic ethos, I shall define it, at least clearly for psychologists, generally and before all else through a study of moral possibility, Metaphysics § 723, either aesthetic or observed in aesthetics.

Ἦθος nomine, ut ego quidem sentio, caret sermo romanus.

Roman speech, as I at least think, lacks a word for ἦθος.

Sourced quotation · Quintilian [155]

Mores appellantur – Sed ipsam rei naturam spectanti mihi non tam mores significari videntur, quam morum quaedam proprietas.

"it is however rendered by mores (morals) [...] But close consideration of the nature of the subject leads me to think that in this connexion it is not so much morals in general that is meant as certain peculiar aspects"

Quint. VI. 3.

Quintilian VI.3.

§ 194

Ἦθος aestheticum habet etiam speciem suam partemque, ex qua negativum dicatur, §§ 193, 182, cuius haec est formula: Res, ordo, significatio, e.g. dictio, § 13, si pulcrae intenduntur, ita instituantur, ne quid moraliter absurdi in iisdem, vel ipsi rationis analogo pelluceat, §§ 16, 22; et alteram speciem ac partem, ex qua positivum appelletur, et secundum quam eadem, quae modo dixi, vere etiam consentire moribus et cum iisdem congruere, pulcre convenire cum illis, quae moraliter, ethice, oeconomice, civiliter ex usibus consuetudinibusque fieri possunt, fiat phaenomenon, vel ipsi rationis analogo observabile, § 23.

Aesthetic ethos also has its own species and part from which it is called negative, §§ 193, 182. Its formula is this: things, order, signification, for example diction, § 13, if they are intended to be beautiful, should be so arranged that nothing morally absurd shines through in them, even to the analogue of reason, §§ 16, 22. It has another species and part from which it is called positive; according to it, the same things I have just named truly also agree with morals, are congruent with them, and beautifully fit with those things that morally, ethically, economically, and civically can occur from usages and customs, so that this becomes a phenomenon observable even to the analogue of reason, § 23.

§ 195

Veniamus ad unam ἦθος partem ex primis, § 194, quam naturalis nunc meditandi ratio subministrabit.

Let us come to one of the first parts of ἦθος, § 194, which the natural manner of meditating will now supply.

Dignitas aesthetica, si vel absolutam tantum intelligas, §§ 182, 185, postulat, ne qua cogitanda, multo minus themata sumantur, quibus intra horizontem aestheticum constitutis, ubertimque ac vivide e.c. § 22 percipiendis omnis omnino deest dignitas, obiecta vilia et plebeia, quae luto potius, quam myricis, § 178, conferas, et has humiles nuncupans illa humillima dicas et abiecta.

Aesthetic dignity, even if you understand only absolute dignity, §§ 182, 185, requires that no things to be thought, much less themes, be taken up which, though placed within the aesthetic horizon and to be perceived abundantly and vividly, etc., § 22, wholly lack every dignity: base and plebeian objects. These you would compare with mud rather than with tamarisks, § 178; and, calling the latter humble, you would call the former lowest and abject.

§ 196

Passage with quotations · Cicero [156]

Ut quisque optime natus institutusque est (haec autem est aesthetici practici persona, §§ 45, 54, 63), nihil abiectum, nihil humile, § 195, cogitant.

"Hence the abler and more accomplished a man is, the less he would care to be alive at all if debarred from taking part in affairs, although allowed to batten on the most exquisite pleasures. [...] insatiable in their appetite for study, they forget all else besides, and harbour not one base or mean thought."

Cic. de Fin. V. 57. Eorum nemo

– and this is the person of the practical aesthetician, §§ 45, 54, 63 – § 195. Cicero, De finibus V.57. None of them

Sourced quotation · Horace [157]

Migret in obscuras humili sermone tabernas, Offenduntur enim, quibus est equus, et pater et res.

"may deviate into the low style of obscure, mechanical shops [...] For [at such stuff] all are offended, who have a horse, a father, or an estate"

Hor. Neque huc tantum traho turpissimam obscenitatem, de qua §§ 184, 192, sed et humi repentem adulationem,

Horace. Nor do I draw hither only the most shameful obscenity, about which §§ 184, 192, but also flattery creeping along the ground,

Sourced quotation · Juvenal [158]

laudare paratam Si bene — , aut si quid fecit amicus, Quod proferre palam non possit lingua modeste,

"to throw up his hands and applaud if his friend spit or hiccup nicely, or if his golden basin make a gurgle when turned upside down"

Iuv. et luxuriantem contumeliis conviciisque lixas inter et calones maledicentiam, quam olim quidam critici, bona mens! qui Critici! documentum ubertatis suae copiaeque voluerunt. § 195.

Juvenal; and abusive speech luxuriating in insults and revilings among sutlers and camp-followers, which some critics once – good sense! what critics! – wanted to be a proof of their abundance and copiousness. § 195.

§ 197

In diiudicanda magnitudine ac dignitate materiarum absoluta, ne magna pusillis, sine pondere habentia pondus, § 177, digna indignis, § 182, fanda nefandis, § 196, temere misceantur, non excluduntur ex materiis pulcre cogitandis, 1) vere nonnullam habentia magnitudinem, aliquando summam, § 178, in quibus tamen non nemo, gigantum fraterculus, qui se solum putat aliquid magni, ac omnia refert ad grandem, quam in se solus miratur, mensuram, nihil omnino, nisi nihili facienda, vili pendenda, nugas meras, potest deprehendere.

In judging the absolute magnitude and dignity of materials, lest great things be rashly mixed with small, things "without weight having weight," § 177, worthy things with unworthy, § 182, speakable with unspeakable, § 196, the following are not excluded from materials to be thought beautifully: 1) things that truly have some magnitude, sometimes the highest, § 178, in which nevertheless some little brother of the giants, who thinks that he alone is something great and refers all things to the grand measure that he alone admires in himself, can detect nothing at all except things to be treated as nothing, held cheap, mere trifles.

Non opus est musicam Epaminondae citare, quamdiu ipsa religio multis, nisi cum re, vilior alga est.

There is no need to cite the music of Epaminondas, as long as religion itself for many people, "unless with property, is cheaper than seaweed."

§ 198

2) Quibus deest utique quaedam magnitudo relativa ac comparativa, neque tamen absoluta, § 178, e.g. in colloquiis epistolisque familiaribus, in quibus vel duo nonnunquam

2) Things to which a certain relative and comparative magnitude is certainly lacking, but not absolute magnitude, § 178, for example in familiar conversations and letters, in which even two persons sometimes are

Sourced quotation · Seneca [159]

satis magnum alter alteri theatrum sumus.

"each of us is enough of an audience for the other"

Sen.

Seneca.

Talem se sistit Corydon:

Corydon presents himself as such:

Sourced quotation · Virgil [160]

Despectus tibi sum, nec quis sim quaeris, Alexi, Quam dives pecoris nivei, quam lactis abundans. Mille meae Siculis errant in montibus agnae.

"You scorn me, Alexis, who or what I am care not to ask - how rich in flocks, or how in snow-white milk abounding: yet for me roam on Sicilian hills a thousand lambs"

e.c. Virg. Ecl. II. 19.

etc. Virgil, Eclogue II.19.

§ 199

3) Quae non ipsa solum, sed et cum suis variis consectariisque satis multis pura mente cogitari possunt, etiam copiose, vivide e.c. § 22, licet impura mens possit in ipsis eorumque variis et consectariis simul non pauca virtuti inimica excogitare, e.g. si,

3) Things which can be thought with a pure mind not only in themselves but also with their various aspects and many enough consequences, even copiously and vividly, etc., § 22, although an impure mind can at the same time devise in those things and their various aspects and consequences not a few things hostile to virtue; for example, if

Sourced quotation · Virgil [161]

Tityre, lentus in umbra Formosam resonare doces Amaryllida silvas.

"while, Tityrus, you sit careless in the shade, and, at your call, "Fair Amaryllis" bid the woods resound"

4) quae morosae virtuti, vel etiam fucatae taedium afferunt, quando ab aliis cogitantur, innocentia, non sine suspicione invidiae: e.g. Mart. IX. 98:

4) Things which bring weariness to morose virtue, or even to painted virtue, when they are thought by others, though they are innocent – not without suspicion of envy; for example Martial IX.98:

Sourced quotation · Martial [162]

quod amamur, quodque probamur.

"He is bursting with envy, because I am loved and praised."

§ 200

5) Quae non omnibus personis ac aetatibus, temporibus ac locis conveniant, aliquibus autem utique; salva tam magnitudine, quam dignitate absolutis, § 197, e.g. quae solebant cum Lucilio,

5) Things that do not fit all persons and ages, times and places, yet certainly fit some, while both absolute magnitude and dignity are preserved, § 197; for example, those things that used to be done with Lucilius,

Sourced quotation · Horace [163]

ubi se a vulgo et scena in secreta remorant Virtus Scipiadiae ac mitis sapientia Laeli Nugari, § 192, faciles, discincti et ludere, donec Decoqueretur olus.

"Yet, when the valorous Scipio, and the mild philosophical Laelius, had
withdrawn themselves from the crowd and the public scene, they used to
divert themselves with him, and joke in a free manner, while a few
vegetables were boiled [for supper]."

Hor. Serm. II. 1.75. 6) non explicite, immediate, aut propius virtutes inculcantia. e.g. Lucretii l. 49:

§ 192, "relaxed, ungirt, and to play, until the vegetables were cooked." Horace, Sermones II.1.75. 6) Things not explicitly, immediately, or more closely inculcating virtues; for example Lucretius I.49:

Sourced quotation · Lucretius [164]

De summa caeli ratione deumque Disserere incipiam, et rerum primordia pandam, Unde omnes natura creet res, aucet, alatque, Quove eadem rursum natura perempta resolvat.

"I prove the supreme law of Gods and sky, And the primordial germs of things unfold, Whence Nature all creates, and multiplies And fosters all, and whither she resolves Each in the end when each is overthrown."

e.c.

etc.

Sources and textual notes

[128] Ovid, Amores 2.4.36. John Dryden and others, Ovid's Art of Love ... and Amours (New York: Calvin Blanchard, 1855), Perseus Digital Library text. Source 1

Baumgarten changes the plural conveniunt to singular conveniet and inserts cross-references between the words of Ovid's line. The automatic candidate's same-numbered English verse belonged to a different poem; the selected couplet is the actual translation within Elegy 2.4.

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The anthology was published in 1855 and is in the public domain. The Perseus canonical repository supplies the digital source file.

[129] Pseudo-Longinus, On the Sublime 7.3 (Baumgarten cites chapter 6 in the division used by his edition). W. H. Fyfe, Aristotle: The Poetics; Longinus: On the Sublime; Demetrius: On Style (Loeb Classical Library; London: William Heinemann; New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1927), Attalus transcription. Source 1

Baumgarten quotes a Latin rendering of the Greek, preserving only the phrase polle he anatheoresis in Greek. His chapter number reflects an older division; current editions place the test of sublimity in chapter 7. The original Greek script is to be restored in the eventual typeset version.

Reuse information

Fyfe's translation was published in 1927 and is in the United States public domain as of 2026. Attalus identifies the translator and edition date.

[130] Horace, Satires 1.4.43-44. Christopher Smart, The Works of Horace, edited by Theodore Alois Buckley (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1863), Project Gutenberg eBook 14020. Source 1

The concordance has removed Baumgarten's cross-reference inserted between Magna and sonaturum. Smart's "greatness of expression" captures the literal image of a mouth that will sound great things.

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Project Gutenberg supplies a United States reuse statement; Smart died in 1771, and the cited edition was published in 1863.

[131] Pliny the Younger, Letters 1.20.5. J. B. Firth, The Letters of the Younger Pliny (London: Walter Scott, 1900), Project Gutenberg eBook 3234. Source 1

Baumgarten omits quin etiam, changes quandam to aliquam, and uses the spellings pulcritudinem and adiicit. Firth's "mere bulk" renders the sentence's personified magnitudo.

Reuse information

Firth's translation was published in 1900 and is in the United States public domain. Project Gutenberg supplies a United States reuse statement.

[132] Petronius, Satyricon 5. Michael Heseltine, Petronius (Loeb Classical Library; London: William Heinemann; New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1913), Perseus Digital Library text. Source 1

Baumgarten replaces ambit with ardet, prius mores with simul ac morem, and poliat with callet. Heseltine translates Petronius' source text; the eventual edition should flag Baumgarten's adaptation rather than alter the existing translation.

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Heseltine's translation was published in 1913 and is in the United States public domain. The Perseus canonical repository supplies the digital source file.

[133] Horace, Satires 1.4.17-19. Christopher Smart, The Works of Horace, edited by Theodore Alois Buckley (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1863), Project Gutenberg eBook 14020. Source 1

Baumgarten prints Dii and ac where the source has di and et. He stops after the image of compressed air, while Horace continues with the bellows' action at the forge. Smart supplies the addressee from context; it is Crispinus.

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Project Gutenberg supplies a United States reuse statement; Smart died in 1771, and the cited edition was published in 1863.

[134] Martial, Epigrams 9.50.1-2. Walter C. A. Ker, Martial: Epigrams, vol. 2 (Loeb Classical Library; London: William Heinemann; New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1919), Internet Archive scan. Source 1

Baumgarten quotes the premise of Martial's answer to Gaurus; entry 135 continues the same epigram.

Reuse information

Ker's translation was published in 1919 and is in the United States public domain. Internet Archive supplies a scan of the cited edition.

[135] Martial, Epigrams 9.50.3-4. Walter C. A. Ker, Martial: Epigrams, vol. 2 (Loeb Classical Library; London: William Heinemann; New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1919), Internet Archive scan. Source 1

Baumgarten prints bis denis, "twice ten," where Martial's text has bis senis, "twice six." Ker's translation follows the source's twelve books. The interrogative force of magnus homo es should be retained.

Reuse information

Ker's translation was published in 1919 and is in the United States public domain. Internet Archive supplies a scan of the cited edition.

[136] Virgil, Eclogues 4.2-3. James Rhoades, The Poems of Vergil (London: Oxford University Press, 1921), Perseus Digital Library text. Source 1

The initial silvae in the concordance is the end of Virgil's preceding line and is not part of the two quoted verses proper. Baumgarten prints omnes for omnis and capitalizes at his own line divisions.

Reuse information

Rhoades's translation was published in 1921 and is in the United States public domain. The Perseus canonical repository supplies the digital source file.

[137] Virgil, Aeneid 5.421-423. Theodore C. Williams, The Aeneid of Virgil (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1910), Perseus Digital Library text. Source 1

Baumgarten replaces Virgil's Haec fatus with the explicit subject Entellus and changes consistit to constitit; humeris/umeris and arena/harena are orthographic variants. Williams's verse numbering expands the Latin, so identification is by wording and context.

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Williams's translation was published in 1910 and is in the public domain.

[138] Horace, Ars poetica 308. Christopher Smart, The Works of Horace, edited by Theodore Alois Buckley (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1863), Project Gutenberg eBook 14020. Source 1

The prefixed "2)" is Baumgarten's enumeration, not part of Horace's verse. Smart uses "grace" and "excellence" to distinguish deceat and virtus.

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Project Gutenberg supplies a United States reuse statement; Smart died in 1771, and the cited edition was published in 1863.

[139] Catullus, Carmina 16.5-9. Sir Richard Francis Burton, The Carmina of Caius Valerius Catullus (London: printed for the translators, 1894), Perseus Digital Library text. Source 1

Baumgarten omits nam, changes ac to et in both instances, and prints excitare where the source has incitare. Burton's deliberately archaic English is retained as an existing public-domain translation.

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Burton's translation was published in 1894 and is in the public domain. The Perseus canonical repository supplies the digital source file.

[140] Martial, Epigrams 1.35.10-11. Walter C. A. Ker, Martial: Epigrams, vol. 1 (Loeb Classical Library; London: William Heinemann; New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1919), Internet Archive scan. Source 1

Baumgarten turns Martial's dependent ne possint into the independent non possunt and changes iuvare to placere. Ker's prose uses "please" for iuvare and therefore also fits Baumgarten's substitution.

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Ker's translation was published in 1919 and is in the United States public domain. Internet Archive supplies a scan of the cited edition.

[141] Martial, Epigrams 1.35.8-9. Walter C. A. Ker, Martial: Epigrams, vol. 1 (Loeb Classical Library; London: William Heinemann; New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1919), Internet Archive scan. Source 1

Baumgarten omits quis Floralia vestit et, retains the original question word for the second clause, and changes permittit to the perfect permisit. Ker's "stole" means the matron's stola, whose modesty is incongruously granted to prostitutes.

Reuse information

Ker's translation was published in 1919 and is in the United States public domain. Internet Archive supplies a scan of the cited edition.

[142] Persius, Satires 1.19-21. George Gilbert Ramsay, Juvenal and Persius (Loeb Classical Library; London: William Heinemann; New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1918), Wikisource transcription. Source 1

Baumgarten prints Hic for tunc, neque for nec, Ingentes for ingentis, quum for cum, and ac for et. Ramsay renders Titos interpretively as "sons of Rome" and rearranges the clauses in English; the quoted material is otherwise complete.

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Ramsay's translation was published in 1918 and is in the United States public domain. Wikisource supplies a reusable transcription.

[143] Cornelius Nepos, preface 1. John Selby Watson, Cornelius Nepos: Lives of Eminent Commanders (London: George Bell and Sons, 1886), Tertullian.org transcription. Source 1

Baumgarten converts Nepos's first-person non dubito into the third-person non dubitat, substitutes suum genus scribendi for hoc genus scripturae, and omits the address Attice. Watson translates Nepos's source rather than Baumgarten's grammatical recasting.

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Watson died in 1884 and the cited edition was published in 1886; the translation is in the United States public domain.

[144] Cicero, De finibus bonorum et malorum 1.1. Charles Duke Yonge, The Academic Questions, Treatise De Finibus, and Tusculan Disputations of M. T. Cicero (London: Henry G. Bohn, 1853; reprinted 1875), EpicureanFriends transcription. Source 1

Baumgarten omits Cicero's opening, address, and modifiers, changes tractavissent to tractarunt, and recasts mandaremus as the participle mandans. Yonge's full sentence makes those grammatical differences visible.

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Yonge died in 1891, and his nineteenth-century translation is in the United States public domain.

[145] Justinian, Digest 1.9.1 pr. (Ulpian, On the Edict 62). Charles Henry Monro, The Digest of Justinian, vol. 1 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1904), Internet Archive scan and OCR. Source 1

Baumgarten extracts Ulpian's causal clause and turns it into a stand-alone maxim. Monro's "honour" translates dignitas in its legal context; the antecedent of "he does" is a man of praefectorian rank taking precedence over a woman of consular rank.

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Monro died in 1908 and the cited translation was published in 1904; it is in the United States public domain.

[146] Cicero, Pro Caelio 3. Charles Duke Yonge, The Orations of Marcus Tullius Cicero, vol. 2 (London: Henry G. Bohn, 1856), Perseus Digital Library text. Source 1

Cicero describes the accusers' aim of disfiguring Caelius and of diminishing and stripping away his dignity. Baumgarten changes this into a general proposition about disfiguring a thing and a person; Yonge therefore cannot be quoted as a syntactically exact translation of Baumgarten's maxim.

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[147] Cicero, Pro Murena 23. Charles Duke Yonge, The Orations of Marcus Tullius Cicero, vol. 2 (London: Henry G. Bohn, 1856), Perseus Digital Library text. Source 1

The concordance omission marker represents Baumgarten's parenthetical insertion nationis germanicae, not lost wording in Cicero. Baumgarten also omits enim and regularizes concilient to conciliant.

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Yonge died in 1891 and the cited translation was published in 1856; it is in the United States public domain. The Perseus canonical repository supplies the digital source file.

[148] Horace, Ars poetica 333-334 and 343-344. Christopher Smart, The Works of Horace, edited by Theodore Alois Buckley (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1863), Project Gutenberg eBook 14020. Source 1

Baumgarten changes Horace's opening alternatives, aut ... aut, to cumulative et ... et, and joins lines 333-334 directly to lines 343-344, omitting eight intervening lines. The ellipsis supplied above must remain in the eventual edition.

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[149] Virgil, Aeneid 7.44-45. Theodore C. Williams, The Aeneid of Virgil (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1910), Perseus Digital Library text. Source 1

Baumgarten's wording agrees with the source apart from capitalization. Williams's English verse counts differ from the Latin line numbers; the quoted sentence appears at English lines 55-56.

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Williams's translation was published in 1910 and is in the United States public domain. The Perseus canonical repository supplies the digital source file.

[150] Virgil, Eclogues 4.55-59. James Rhoades, The Poems of Vergil (London: Oxford University Press, 1921), Perseus Digital Library text. Source 1

Baumgarten adds deus after Pan and changes Virgil's subjunctive dicat to the future dicet. Rhoades translates Virgil's source and does not represent either change explicitly.

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Rhoades's translation was published in 1921 and is in the United States public domain. The Perseus canonical repository supplies the digital source file.

[151] Cicero, Paradoxa Stoicorum 3.26. Cyrus R. Edmonds, Cicero's Three Books of Offices, or Moral Duties; also His Cato Major, an Essay on Old Age; Laelius, an Essay on Friendship; Paradoxes; Scipio's Dream; and Letter to Quintus on the Duties of a Magistrate (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1892), Stoic Breviary transcription. Source 1

Baumgarten extracts the first clause and uses it as a maxim against verbal trifles. In Cicero, it forms the first half of a contrast between tolerating a poet's small technical fault and refusing to excuse a citizen's moral fault. Edmonds therefore renders non audio contextually as "I overlook."

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Edmonds died in 1863 and the cited edition was published in 1892; the translation is in the United States public domain.

[152] Persius, Satires 5.19-22. George Gilbert Ramsay, Juvenal and Persius (Loeb Classical Library; London: William Heinemann; New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1918), Wikisource transcription. Source 1

Baumgarten prints bullatis where the source has pullatis and silently omits secreti loquimur, tibi nunc, hortante Camena between the two quoted portions. Ramsay's "heart" translates praecordia idiomatically.

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[153] Horace, Epistles 1.18.15-16. Christopher Smart, The Works of Horace, edited by Theodore Alois Buckley (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1863), Project Gutenberg transcription. Source 1

Baumgarten replaces Horace's alter with the conditional si quis and inserts et before propugnat. Smart translates the proverbial lana caprina literally as "a goat's hair."

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Smart died in 1771 and the cited edition was published in 1863; the translation is in the United States public domain. Project Gutenberg marks the ebook free of known United States copyright restrictions.

[154] Cicero, De divinatione 2.30. William Armistead Falconer, Cicero: De senectute, De amicitia, De divinatione (Loeb Classical Library; Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press; London: William Heinemann, 1923), Perseus Digital Library text. Source 1

Cicero's quo genere refers parenthetically to natural philosophers as a class. Baumgarten converts the phrase to physicorum genere, adds the implied infinitive esse, and presents it as an independent maxim.

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Falconer's translation was published in 1923 and is in the United States public domain. The Perseus canonical repository supplies the digital source file.

[155] Quintilian, Institutio oratoria 6.2.8-9. H. E. Butler, The Institutio Oratoria of Quintilian, vol. 2 (Loeb Classical Library; London: William Heinemann; New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1921), Perseus Digital Library text. Source 1

The omitted material explains that Latin lacks an exact equivalent for Greek ethos and discusses the naming of moral philosophy. Baumgarten's two clauses otherwise follow Quintilian closely. Butler renders morum quaedam proprietas expansively as "certain peculiar aspects."

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Butler's translation was published in 1920-1922 and is in the United States public domain. The Perseus canonical repository supplies the digital source file.

[156] Cicero, De finibus bonorum et malorum 5.57. H. Harris Rackham, Cicero: De finibus bonorum et malorum (Loeb Classical Library; London: William Heinemann; New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1931), LacusCurtius transcription. Source 1

Baumgarten joins the opening and closing parts of Cicero's section 57 while omitting the extended argument between them. The source begins with the singular quisque and ends with plural thinkers as its subject; the abbreviated quotation consequently looks grammatically discontinuous.

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The LacusCurtius rights statement records that the 1931 United States copyright was not renewed and that the text is therefore in the United States public domain.

[157] Horace, Ars poetica 229 and 248. Christopher Smart, The Works of Horace, edited by Theodore Alois Buckley (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1863), Project Gutenberg transcription. Source 1

Baumgarten silently joins line 229 to line 248. Horace first warns that a god or hero should not descend into the speech of low shops, and nineteen lines later says that respectable spectators are offended by obscene or disgraceful words. The two clauses do not form one sentence in the source.

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Smart died in 1771 and the cited edition was published in 1863; the translation is in the United States public domain. Project Gutenberg marks the ebook free of known United States copyright restrictions.

[158] Juvenal, Satires 3.106-108. George Gilbert Ramsay, Juvenal and Persius (Loeb Classical Library; London: William Heinemann; New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1918), Wikisource transcription. Source 1

The source has masculine paratus, not Baumgarten's paratam. Baumgarten suppresses ructavit after si bene and replaces Juvenal's remaining bawdy particulars with the general phrase "or if a friend has done something that a modest tongue cannot utter openly." Ramsay also euphemizes portions of the source, so his wording is cited as an existing translation of Juvenal, not as a literal rendering of Baumgarten's paraphrase.

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Ramsay's translation was published in 1918 and is in the United States public domain. Wikisource supplies a reusable transcription.

[159] Seneca, Epistulae morales 7.11, quoting Epicurus, fragment 208 Usener. Richard M. Gummere, Seneca: Epistles 1-65 (Loeb Classical Library; London: William Heinemann; New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1917), Seneca Letters transcription. Source 1

The immediate speaker is Epicurus, whom Seneca explicitly names before quoting. Baumgarten's attribution to Seneca identifies the transmitting author rather than the original speaker and extracts only the second half of Epicurus's sentence.

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Gummere's translation was published in 1917 and is in the United States public domain. The Seneca Letters site identifies the Gummere text as public-domain material.

[160] Virgil, Eclogues 2.19-21. James Rhoades, The Poems of Vergil (London: Oxford University Press, 1921), Perseus Digital Library text. Source 1

Baumgarten prints quis for Virgil's qui and relocates nivei so that it appears to modify pecoris rather than lactis. Rhoades follows the source syntax and renders agnae as "lambs."

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Rhoades's translation was published in 1921 and is in the United States public domain. The Perseus canonical repository supplies the digital source file.

[161] Virgil, Eclogues 1.4-5. James Rhoades, The Poems of Vergil (London: Oxford University Press, 1921), Perseus Digital Library text. Source 1

Baumgarten omits Virgil's preceding contrast, nos patriam fugimus; tu, but retains the vocative Tityre. Rhoades's word order follows the complete source sentence.

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Rhoades's translation was published in 1921 and is in the United States public domain. The Perseus canonical repository supplies the digital source file.

[162] Martial, Epigrams 9.97.11. anonymous prose translation, The Epigrams of Martial (Bohn's Classical Library; London: George Bell and Sons, 1897), Tertullian.org transcription. Source 1

Baumgarten extracts Martial's reason for another person's envy and omits the governing rumpitur invidia. The Bohn prose version renders probamur as "praised."

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The nineteenth-century Bohn translation is in the United States public domain. Tertullian.org expressly places its transcription and page material in the public domain.

[163] Horace, Satires 2.1.71-74. Christopher Smart, The Works of Horace, edited by Theodore Alois Buckley (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1863), Jack Lynch transcription. Source 1

Baumgarten omits quin, cum illo, and soliti; prints vulgo, scena, and olus for volgo, scaena, and holus; uses ac for et; and has the apparent form Scipiadiae for Scipiadae. His faciles supplies a new predicate for nugari. Smart's pronoun "him" refers to Lucilius in Horace's full context.

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Smart died in 1771 and the cited edition was published in 1863; the translation is in the United States public domain.

[164] Lucretius, De rerum natura 1.54-57. William Ellery Leonard, De Rerum Natura (New York: E. P. Dutton, 1916), Perseus Digital Library text. Source 1

Baumgarten omits nam tibi, prints omnes for omnis and aucet for auctet, and otherwise follows the four lines. Leonard's "I prove" renders disserere incipiam freely and absorbs the omitted opening address.

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Leonard's translation was published in 1916 and is in the United States public domain. The Perseus canonical repository supplies the digital source file.