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Alexander Gottlieb Baumgarten

Aesthetica

Interlinear Beta v2 · §§801–825

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§ 801

Tropus, uti humana omnia, gradus etiam admittit, et maius ac minus, dum potest crescere. 1) extensive, continuando tropum dati generis per plures cogitationes explicite pingendas aut significandas, et haec cuiuscunque tropi continuatio dabit ALLEGORIAN; 2) intensive, quando non unicum solum et immediatum subiectum comparationis omittitur et occultatur, substituto per tropum termino comparationis, sed ille ponitur comparationis terminus, ex quo debeas, exponendo tropum, eruere primo certum aliquod subiectum comparationis, quod dein, quam primum erutum ac inventum est, subito transit in novum et tacitum etiam terminum relationis, nunc demum expositione repetita pandentem subiectum illud comparationis, quod primario nunc cogitandum, et extra tropum explicite ponendum proprieque significandum fuisset.

Trope, like all human things, also admits degrees and more and less, since it can grow. 1) Extensively, by continuing a trope of a given kind through several thoughts explicitly to be painted or signified; this continuation of any trope will give ALLEGORY. 2) Intensively, when not only the single and immediate subject of comparison is omitted and hidden, with the term of comparison substituted through trope, but that term of comparison is put from which, in expounding the trope, you must first draw out some definite subject of comparison, which then, as soon as it is drawn out and found, suddenly passes into a new and tacit term of relation, now at last, by repeated exposition, revealing that subject of comparison which was primarily to be thought and, outside the trope, explicitly set forth and properly signified.

Haec troporum intensio, tropus, ut ita dicam, interne duplicatus, vel omnino multiplicatus, METALEPSIS est, si metalepsin, de qua § 796. metonymian potius, uti est, denominemus.

This intensification of tropes, a trope internally doubled, so to speak, or even multiplied, is METALEPSIS, if we name the metalepsis discussed in §796 rather as metonymy, as it is.

§ 802

Allegorian latius non omni solum troporum generi tribuimus, ironiae etiam, § 801. uniformiter decurrenti, qualis esset congeries metaphorarum, quarum et inter terminos comparationis est nexus quidam arctior analogo rationis observandus, congeries metonymiarum eiusmodi, e. c. sed etiam crama quoddam et miscelam troporum diversi generis serie continua sese excipientium, ita, ut allegorumena sint, quibuscunque subest sensus mysticus.

We attribute allegory broadly not only to every kind of trope, even to irony, §801, running uniformly, such as a heap of metaphors among whose terms of comparison there is also a rather close connection to be observed by the analogue of reason, a heap of such metonymies, and so forth, but also to a certain crama and mixture of tropes of different kinds following one another in a continuous series, so that the allegorized things are whatever have a mystical sense beneath them.

Iam clarum est, quanta hic pateat ianua in caliginem aestheticam, quanta sit opus cura, ne longius petitum videatur, obscuritatis potius, quam illustrationis, argumentum, § 634, 741. Hinc umbram qui malunt, quam noctem, ALLEGORIIS PURIS, quarum subiecta comparationis omittuntur omnia, saepe praeferunt MIXTAS, quibus saltim aliquando, clavium instar, subiecta comparationis, explicite etiam cogitata, interseruntur. § 736.

It is now clear how great a door is opened here into aesthetic darkness, and how much care is needed lest it seem far-fetched, an argument of obscurity rather than illustration, §§634, 741. Hence those who prefer shade to night often prefer MIXED allegories, into which, at least sometimes, the subjects of comparison explicitly thought are inserted like keys, to PURE ALLEGORIES, whose subjects of comparison are all omitted, §736.

§ 803

Allegoria pura Ciceronis est pro Quinctio:

A pure allegory of Cicero is in Pro Quinctio:

Sourced quotation · Cicero [975]

Ita fit, ut ego, qui tela depellere, et vulneribus mederi debeam, tum id facere cogar, quum etiam telum adversarius nullum iecerit; illis autem id tempus impugnandi detur, quum et vitandi istorum impetus potestas ademta nobis erit, et, si qua in re, quod parati sunt facere, venenatum aliquod telum iecerint, medicinae faciendae locus non erit.

Matters are so managed, that I, who ought rather to ward off the darts of our adversary and to heal the wounds he has inflicted, am compelled to do so now, even when the adversary has cast no dart; and that that time is given to them to attack us when the power of avoiding their attacks is to be taken from us; and if in any particular they should (as they are well prepared to do) cast any false accusation like a poisoned arrow at us, there will be no opportunity for applying a remedy..

Mistam habet pro Milone:

He has a mixed allegory in Pro Milone:

Sourced quotation · Cicero [976]

Equidem caeteras tempestates et procellas in illis duntaxat fluctibus concionum semper putavi Miloni esse subeundas.

I have always thought indeed that Milo had to encounter the other storms and tempests in these billows of the assemblies because he always espoused the cause of the good against the bad;.

Huc fabulae, § 526. apologii, § 537. et AENIGMATA, complexus praedicatorum non bene convenientium, et vix in una sede, uno subiecto, morantium; quorum subiectum, clavis, vel reticetur, vel occulitur.

Here belong fables, §526, apologues, §537, and AENIGMATA, riddles, complexes of predicates not well agreeing and scarcely dwelling in one seat or one subject, whose subject, the key, is either suppressed or hidden.

Iustus lucis et umbrae dispensator Virgilius, imitatus oracula, § 671. non abhorruit ab allegoria descendentis antonomasiae, § 798, 801:

Virgil, just distributor of light and shade, imitating oracles, §671, did not shrink from an allegory of descending antonomasia, §§798, 801:

Sourced quotation · Virgil [977]

Non Simois tibi, nec Xanthus, nec Dorica castra
Defuerint. Alius Latio iam partus Achilles
Natus et ipse dea.

"Simois, Xanthus, and the Dorian horde
Thou shalt behold; a new Achilles now
In Latium breathes,—he, too, of goddess born;"

§ 804

Quem protendit tropum allegoria, nisi serio caveas, in turpem obscuritatem, intendit metalepsis, § 801. Sed videamus bonas.

The trope which allegory extends into ugly obscurity unless you take serious care, metalepsis intensifies, §801. But let us see good ones.

In primo § 789. exemplo habes synecdochen duplicatam 1) adscendentem totius pro parte, ulmorum pro virgis, et 2) descendentem inferioris pro superiori ulmearum virgarum pro quibusvis ligneis.

In the first example of §789 you have doubled synecdoche: 1) ascending, whole for part, elms for switches, and 2) descending, inferior for superior, elm switches for any wooden ones.

In passere Catulli est, § 790. 1) metonymia signati pro signo, vel contenti pro continente, et deinde 2) synecdoche partis pro toto.

In Catullus' sparrow, §790, there is 1) metonymy of signified for sign, or contained for container, and then 2) synecdoche of part for whole.

In illo:

In

Sourced quotation · Cicero [978]

Integritas tua te purgavit,

"Believe me, your well known integrity has cleared you of all blame, your modesty has saved you, your past life has been your salvation."

§ 791. est metaphora et ironia complicatae.

§791, metaphor and irony are complicated together.

In primo § 794. exemplo est metalepsis primo metonymiam continentis pro contento, et dein synecdochen totius pro parte sistens, nisi omnes earum urbium cives fabros ferrarios, instar Cyclopum, iudicaveris.

In the first example of §794 there is metalepsis first presenting metonymy of container for contained, and then synecdoche of whole for part, unless you judge all the citizens of those cities to be blacksmiths like Cyclopes.

Quando pro: nunc meridies est, dicitur:

When for "it is now midday" one says

Sourced quotation · Virgil [979]

Nunc pecudes frigora captant,

"Now even the cattle court the cooling shade"

habes metalepsin metonymiae, qua 1) contentum, phaenomenon rusticum, pro continente tempore et 2) contentum frigus pro continente aura ventove dicitur, nisi malis ultimum tropum synecdochen partis pro toto dicere, quo pertinet tropus abstracti pro concreto. § 794. ove frigido.

you have metalepsis of metonymy by which 1) the content, a rustic phenomenon, is said for the containing time, and 2) the content coolness for the containing air or wind, unless you prefer to call the final trope synecdoche of part for whole, to which belongs the trope of abstract for concrete, §794: "with cold sheep."

§ 805

Durat adhuc allegoria, § 801. metonymiae contentorum phaenomenorum rusticorum pro continente tempore, § 794. et tamen accedit per metalepsin antonomasia descendens, quando Thestylis pro quavis muliere rustica ponitur, § 798. Quum homo, dum calet, devorandus censetur, § 795. metonymiae possessoris pro re, quam habet, per metalepsin additur altera, qua phaenomena corporis in anima simultaneis solent substitui.

The allegory of metonymy of contained rustic phenomena for containing time, §794, still endures, and yet by metalepsis descending antonomasia is added when Thestylis is put for any rustic woman, §798. When a man, while he is hot, is judged fit to be devoured, §795, another metonymy is added by metalepsis to the metonymy of possessor for the thing he has, by which bodily phenomena are usually substituted for things simultaneous in the soul.

Iupiter § 141. pro vento est metalepsis ex metonymia dei pro re, cui praeest, et ex synecdoche generis superioris pro inferiori, concrescens.

Jupiter, §141, for wind is metalepsis growing together from metonymy of god for the thing over which he presides and from synecdoche of superior genus for inferior.

Praesit enim aeri iam Iupiter, non Iuno, non tamen aerem generatim, sed aerem vehementius commotum indicare poeta voluit.

For Jupiter may preside over air now, not Juno, but the poet wished to indicate not air generally but air more vehemently moved.

Pari ratione fax in hoc Catulli loco dictus est per metalepsin metaphoram et synecdochen partis pro toto comprehendentem.

In the same way torch in this place of Catullus is said by metalepsis comprehending metaphor and synecdoche of part for whole.

§ 806

Ad metalepsin referri poterunt pleraeque syllepses, uti vocant casus, in quibus unum signum duos significatus, utrumque primarium, sustinere videatur. § 801.

Most syllepses, as they call the cases in which one sign seems to sustain two meanings, each primary, can be referred to metalepsis, §801:

Sourced quotation · Virgil [980]

Nerine Galatea, thymo mihi dulcior Hyblae.

"Daughter of Nereus, Galatea mine,
sweeter than Hybla-thyme, more white than swans,"

ecl. 7. Hic in dulcior syllepsin deprehendunt, quae concrescens ex metaphora et synecdoche speciei pro genere metalepsis est.

Eclogue 7. Here they detect in sweeter a syllepsis which, growing from metaphor and synecdoche of species for genus, is metalepsis.

Si tropum durum et longius petitum CATACHRESIN et abusionem dicamus, fallor, an eius, quid tropus sit, non satis meminimus? § 780. Est dura, est longius petita perceptionis pro perceptione, signi improprii pro proprio, vocabuli translati in locum proprii substitutio, sed eo ipso, quia dura, quia longius est petita, quamquam excusari nonnunquam ipsa necessitate potest, tamen tropus nunquam est, saepe tropis opposita cogitationum deformatio.

If we call a hard and far-fetched trope CATACHRESIS and abuse, am I mistaken, or have we not sufficiently remembered what a trope is? §780. It is a hard, far-fetched substitution of perception for perception, of improper sign for proper, of transferred word in place of proper; but by that very fact, because it is hard and fetched from far away, although it can sometimes be excused by necessity itself, it is never a trope, but often a deformation of thoughts opposed to tropes.

De tropis etiam valent observata de figuris, § 339. quoniam sunt figurae crypticae, § 783.

The observations about figures, §339, also hold of tropes, since they are cryptic figures, §783.

§ 807

Potest etiam hyperbole, si lateat in substitutione perceptionis minoris pro maiore, vel maioris pro minore, tropus esse, § 339, 780. Neque tamen omnis hyperbole tropus est, neque peculiare troporum genus constituit, ad synecdochen, comparationem maioris et minoris, totius et partis, crypticam, § 742, 782. referenda. Multo minus omnem emphasisin possum tropum dicere, M. § 517. minime peculiarem troporum classem fingere.

Hyperbole too can be a trope if it lies hidden in substitution of a lesser perception for a greater, or a greater for a lesser, §§339, 780. Yet not every hyperbole is a trope, nor does it constitute a peculiar kind of tropes; it must be referred to synecdoche, to cryptic comparison of greater and lesser, whole and part, §§742, 782. Much less can I call every emphasis a trope, Metaphysics §517, and least of all invent a peculiar class of tropes for it.

Sane tropus omnis, sed etiam omnis figura, bene locata, pulcre significata, suam habet comitem emphasisin. § 26, 783.

Surely every trope, but also every figure, if well placed and beautifully signified, has its accompanying emphasis, §§26, 783.

§ 808

SECTIO XXXXVIII
THAUMATURGIA AESTHETICA
Lux novitatis perceptiones illustrat egregie, M. § 549, 550. Novitatis intuitus, ADMIRATIO curiositatem excitat, M. § 688. curiositas attentionem, M. § 625, 529. attentio ad rem vivide sibi pingendam novam lucem affert. M. § 629, 531. Pulcre hinc cogitanda, quando illustranda sunt, § 730. bene sistuntur admirationem novitate, clarius cognoscendi studium admiratione, tandem attentionem studio clarius rem cognoscendi conciliantia.

SECTION XXXXVIII
AESTHETIC THAUMATURGY
The light of novelty illustrates perceptions exceptionally, Metaphysics §§549–550. The intuition of novelty, ADMIRATION, excites curiosity, Metaphysics §688. Curiosity excites attention, Metaphysics §§625, 529. Attention brings new light to the thing to be vividly painted for itself, Metaphysics §§629, 531. Hence things to be beautifully thought, when they are to be illustrated, §730, are well set forth when they conciliate admiration by novelty, the zeal for knowing more clearly by admiration, and finally attention by zeal for knowing the thing more clearly.

Conciliatio novitatis, per hanc admirationis, per hanc curiositatis, per hanc attentionis AESTHETICA, brevitatis caussa, dicatur a nobis THAUMATURGIA.

The AESTHETIC conciliation of novelty, through this of admiration, through this of curiosity, through this of attention, for brevity's sake, let us call THAUMATURGY.

§ 809

Crassus apud Ciceronem de or. I. 137. quando statim a limine suae dissertationis excusatione dignum iudicat, se nova non dicturum, hoc ipso tacite concedit, quam scripsimus, regulam, § 808.

Crassus in Cicero, De oratore I.137, when at the very threshold of his discussion he judges it worthy of excuse that he will not say new things, by this very fact tacitly concedes the rule we have written, §808. When you have heard, he says,

Sourced quotation · Cicero [981]

Quum audieris, inquiens, non tam arbitror te haec admiraturum, quam existimaturum tum, cum ea audire cupiebas, caussam, cur cupere, non fuisse. Nihil enim dicam reconditum, nihil exspectatione vestra dignum, nihil aut inauditum vobis, aut cuiquam novum.

“I conceive, however,” proceeded Crassus, “that when you have heard me, you will not so much admire what I have said, as think that, when you desired to hear, there was no good reason for your desire; for I shall say nothing abstruse, nothing to answer your expectation, nothing either previously unheard by you, or new to any one.”.

Pastores ipsi laudavere, quando

The shepherds themselves praised it when

Sourced quotation · Virgil [982]

Pollio et ipse facit nova carmina.

"Pollio himself too doth new verses make:"

Ecl. 3. 86.

Eclogue 3.86.

Sourced quotation · Cicero [983]

Novitates si spem afferunt, ut tanquam in herbis non fallacibus fructus appareat,

But new friendships are not to be scorned if they offer hope of bearing fruit, like green shoots of corn that do not disappoint us at harvest-time;,

§ 731.

§731,

Sourced quotation · Cicero [984]

non sunt illae repudiandae,

But new friendships are not to be scorned if they offer hope of bearing fruit, like green shoots of corn that do not disappoint us at harvest-time;,

Cic. de am. 70. Quid aliud Quintilianus, quando dissuadet

Cicero, De amicitia 70. What else does Quintilian mean when he advises not to pluck

Sourced quotation · Quintilian [985]

non multum ab initio orationis omnem in reliquum novitatis gratiam praecerpere?

For if we set forth all that we propose to prove in advance, we shall deprive ourselves of the advantage springing from the charm of novelty.?

IV. 5. Assentitur Horatius l. c. § 294. Novas res boni cives, novos homines contemnant, qui nil nisi Cecropidae: nos recte novam pulcre cogitandi materiem, et gratam in ipsis cogitationum elegantiis novitatem amabimus, § 808.

IV.5. Horace agrees in the cited place, §294. Let good citizens despise new things and new men, those who are nothing but Cecropidae; we shall rightly love new material for beautiful thinking and pleasing novelty in the very elegances of thoughts, §808.

§ 810

Sourced quotation · Quintilian [986]

Qui libenter audiunt, et magis attendunt, et facilius credunt, plerumque ipsa delectatione capiuntur, nonnunquam admiratione auferuntur. – Recte Cicero his ipsis ad Brutum verbis quadam in epistola scribit: Nam eloquentiam, quae admirationem non habet, nullam iudico. Aristoteles quoque eandem petendam maxime putat.

For when our audience find it a pleasure to listen, their attention and their readiness to believe what they hear are both alike increased, while they are generally filled with delight, and sometimes even transported by admiration.
Cicero was right when, in one of his letters to Brutus, he wrote, “Eloquence which evokes no admiration is, in my opinion, unworthy of the name.” Aristotle likewise thinks that the excitement of admiration should be one of our first aims.,

Quint. VIII. 3. Sed quae potest esse, nisi novitatis, admiratio? § 808. Obiecerit forsan aliquis: esse praestantem illam et divinam sapientiam:

Quintilian VIII.3. But what admiration can there be except admiration of novelty? §808. Perhaps someone will object that there is that excellent and divine wisdom:

Passage with quotations · Cicero / Horace [987] [988]

nil admirari. Cic. Tusc. III. 30.
Nil admirari, prope res est una, Numici,
Solaque quae possit facere ac servare beatum.

in not being surprised when anything happens, Cicero, Tusculans III.30: "To admire nothing is almost the one and only thing, Numicius, which can make and keep a man happy."

Hor. I. ep. 6. Unde colligas admirationis studium ad fucos potius, § 688. et mendacia vere non splendida, § 625. relegandum esse, quam naturali accensendum ornatui. § 622, 623.

Horace, Epistles I.6. From this you may conclude that zeal for admiration should be relegated to false colorings, §688, and to lies truly not splendid, §625, rather than added to natural ornament, §§622–623.

§ 811

Verum salva res est.

But the matter is safe.

Qui fuit veterum sive mos, sive morbus, etiam tunc, quum distinctissime rationem instruere docendo debuissent philosophi, captare tropis paradoxa, et apophthegmatibus in ipsa saepius aenigmata, praecipitare liberum spiritum, § 803. aut hic etiam iubentes nil admirari per hyperbolen volunt a vehementiori tantum quotidianarum curarum, ignoranti ac stupida, admiratione revocare; aut metonymia consequentis pro antecedente, § 796. rerum humanarum obliti, caecitatisque mortalibus inevitabilis divinam sapientiam ab omni ignorantia, matre admirationis, cecinerunt immunem; aut tandem fallacem potius, et fucatam, quam veram et homini naturalem professi sunt sapientiam, cui summi numinis in admiratione sapientissima transigetur, si sapit, aeternitas.

Whether it was a custom or disease of the ancients, even when philosophers ought to have instructed reason most distinctly by teaching, to chase paradoxes in tropes and apophthegms and often to hurl the free spirit into riddles themselves, §803; either those who here also order us to admire nothing mean by hyperbole to recall us only from the more vehement, ignorant, and stupid admiration of daily cares; or by metonymy of consequent for antecedent, §796, forgetful of human things and of the blindness unavoidable for mortals, they sang divine wisdom as immune from all ignorance, the mother of admiration; or finally they professed a wisdom fallacious and false-colored rather than true and natural to human beings, for whom, if it is wise, eternity will be spent in the wisest admiration of the highest divinity.

§ 812

Licet itaque non fucatae, sed Gratiis litanti, sapientiae, neque rudes tantum et agrestes, sed hominum, animos admiratione mulcere, § 808. Ne tamen novitatis studio nimium abripiamur, hae cautelae sunto. 1) Novitatem obiecti et materiae cum novitate rerum et cogitationum ne temere confundas, § 18. Haec in primis quaeritur, non illa, § 808. De novis nova meditari non nego facilius, neque gratiam novitati materiae denego, nec lucem.

Therefore wisdom that is not false-colored but sacrifices to the Graces is permitted to soothe with admiration not only rude and rustic minds, but human minds, §808. Yet lest we be carried away too much by zeal for novelty, let these cautions stand. 1) Do not rashly confuse novelty of object and material with novelty of things and thoughts, §18. The latter is chiefly sought, not the former, §808. I do not deny that it is easier to meditate new things about new things, nor do I deny grace and light to novelty of material.

Interim de antiquissimis non solum, sed etiam de dudum cognitis, animo tamen volvere potest

Meanwhile, about the most ancient things and also about things long known, the priest of the Muses can turn over in mind

Sourced quotation · Horace [989]

carmina non prius
Audita Musarum sacerdos

"Keep holy silence; strains unknown
Till now, the Muses' hierophant,
I sing to youths and maids alone."

about to be carried through the air

Sourced quotation · Horace [990]

non usitata nec tenui laturus penna per aetherem;

"No vulgar wing, nor weakly plied,
Shall bear me through the liquid sky;";

potest de recentissimis negotiis, dum calent,

and about the most recent affairs, while they are warm, an unlearned man at the crossroads can

Sourced quotation · Virgil [991]

indoctus in triviis
Stridenti miserum stipula disperdere carmen.

"when had you ever pipe
wax-welded? in the cross-ways used you not
on grating straw some miserable tune
to mangle?"

§ 813

2) Neque materias, neque cogitationes captare velis absolute novas, nondum unquam cogitata, quibus non abripiaris solum a strictissime veris, § 441. sed etiam fictionibus poeticis prorsus ignotis, § 518. certissime tandem deferaris in turpem utopiam, § 514, 469. verisimilitudine destitutam omni, meram caliginem, § 638. M. § 889. Memento Phaetontis, quem absolutae novitatis et admirationis studiosum, licet relativa iam

2) Do not wish to hunt either materials or thoughts absolutely new, never before thought, by which you will not only be torn away from the most strictly true, §441, but also from poetic fictions wholly unknown, §518, and will most certainly be carried into ugly utopia, §514, 469, destitute of all verisimilitude, mere darkness, §638; Metaphysics §§889. Remember Phaethon, zealous for absolute novelty and admiration, although already relatively

Sourced quotation · Ovid [992]

rerum novitate paventem,

"Phoebus beheld the trembling youth, fear-struck,
in mute amazement..."

pater admonet, venustorum ingeniorum communis pater, § 82:

whom his father, the common father of graceful talents, §82, warns:

Sourced quotation · Ovid [993]

Sors tua mortalis, non est mortale, quod optas,
Plus etiam, quam quod superis contingere possit,
Nescius affectas.
Nate, cave, dum resque sinit, tua corrige vota.
Denique quicquid habet dives circumspice mundus,
Eque tot ac tantis caeli, terraeque marisque,
Posce boni aliquid. Nullam patiere repulsam.
Deprecor hoc unum, quod vero nomine poena,
Non honor est. Poenam, Phaeton, pro munere poscis.

"request, O Phaethon, which neither suits
thy utmost strength nor tender years; for thou
art mortal, and thou hast aspired to things
immortal. Ignorance has made thy thought
transcend the province of the Gods.
...
“And, O my son, lest I
may be the author of a baneful gift,
beware, and as the time permits recall
thy rash request.
...
“Look round thee on the treasured world's delights
and ask the greatest blessing of the sky,
or sea or land, and thou shalt suffer no
repulse: but only this I must deplore,
which rightly named would be a penalty
and not an honour.—Thou hast made request
of punishment and not a gift indeed."

§ 810.

§810.

§ 814

3) In relative novis primario tuo obiecto personali, quae tibi novitas sufficiat, § 813. ne satis tibi denuo sit, partim materiam eligendam, partim significanda de eadem fuisse huc usque, partialiter saltim, incognita, maxima sit in hoc cura, num ea sint hactenus incognita, quae a te nota reddita nunc demum lucem et gratiam novitatis per te sint acceptura, et admirationem motura, quando vix antea subobscure percepta nunc intueamur. § 808. Inventor non est incognitorum venditor, sed olim incognita nota reddens.

3) In things relatively new to your primary personal object, let not the novelty that suffices you, §813, be only that the material to be chosen and the things to be signified about it have hitherto been at least partially unknown. Let your greatest care be whether these are the things hitherto unknown which, once made known by you, will now finally receive light and grace of novelty through you and move admiration, when we now behold things scarcely perceived before except somewhat obscurely, §808. An inventor is not a seller of unknown things, but one who makes once-unknown things known.

Neque venustum cognoscendi studium movebit, multo minus explebit, aut admirationem merebitur ultra plebem sapientium, multus in incognitis, quorum ipse suam tantum prodit ignorantiam, novam ipsis potius inducens caliginem, quam ut ea novam in lucem noverit protrahere, § 627. Vix quisquam incognita crepando, quae nesciat tandem illustrare, spectatorem, ut

Nor will one who is verbose about unknown things, by which he only betrays his own ignorance and brings new darkness upon them rather than knowing how to draw them into new light, move graceful zeal for knowing, much less satisfy it or deserve admiration beyond the crowd of wise men, §627. Scarcely anyone, by rattling off unknown things he does not know how finally to illustrate, will deceive the spectator,

Sourced quotation · Horace [994]

corvum, deludet, hiantem,

Sometimes a well-seasoned lawyer, risen from a Quinquevir, shall delude the gaping raven; and the fortune-hunter Nasica shall be laughed at by Coranus.

impune, quin occinatur miserabili thaumaturgo:

with impunity, without being sung at as a miserable thaumaturge:

Sourced quotation · Horace [995]

Num furis, an prudens ludis me obscura canendo?

"What, art thou in a [prophetic] raving; or dost thou play upon me
designedly, by uttering obscurities?"

Hor. II. 5. 5, 58.

Horace II.5.5, 58.

§ 815

4) Ne relative novorum ea tibi legas cogitanda, quae cognitu vel indigna vere sunt, vel saltim primariis tuis spectatoribus videantur attentionem suam adeo non mereri, prudens ut praevidere possis dotium tuarum aestimator opis tuae non fore, curiositatem tuorum in haec dirigere. § 808. Sint spectatores tibi, qui videantur etiam primarii, male seriati minutiarum amatores, quorum aures vili venustae cogitationis lenocinio lubentissime titillarentur, quales § 184. tanguntur, primaria tamen lex dignitatis aesthetica, quam absoluta iam poscit et involvit magnitudo, § 185, 178. turpiter cederet inferiori curiositatem observandi regulae, § 808. quae subordinatur demum legi lucis aestheticae. § 614. nec id quidem necessario, § 617, 625. Maius erit, et quo rarius, eo ipso recentius, curiosius, admirabilius et attentione dignum, si possis spectatorem alia omnia, et levissima quaevis exspectantem initiare maioribus, deviamque mentem sensim in graviorum nobiliorumque contemplationem allicere, ducere, defigere.

4) Do not choose among relatively new things those to be thought which are truly unworthy to know, or at least seem to your principal spectators not to deserve their attention, so that as a prudent estimator of your gifts you can foresee that it will not be within your power to direct their curiosity to these things, §808. Suppose you have spectators, even primary ones, badly arranged lovers of minutiae, whose ears would most gladly be tickled by the cheap charm of beautiful thought, such as are touched in §184. Yet the primary law of aesthetic dignity, which absolute magnitude already demands and involves, §§185, 178, would shamefully yield to the lower rule of observing curiosity, §808, which is at last subordinated to the law of aesthetic light, §614, and not even necessarily, §§617, 625. It will be greater, and, the rarer it is, by that very fact fresher, more curious, more admirable, and more worthy of attention, if you can initiate the spectator expecting everything else and any lightest things into greater matters, and gradually entice, lead, and fix the wandering mind in contemplation of graver and nobler things.

Tentat artificium Horatius I. od. 27.

Horace attempts the art in Ode I.27:

Sourced quotation · Horace [996]

Natis in usum laetitiae scyphis
Pugnare Thracum est. Tollite barbarum
Morem
ah! miser,
Quanta laboras in Charybdi,
Digne puer meliore flamma!

"What, fight with cups that should give joy?
'Tis barbarous; leave such savage ways
To Thracians. Bacchus, shamefaced boy,
...
Allures you still. Come, tell me truth,
And trust my honour—That the name?
That wild Charybdis yours? Poor youth!
O, you deserved a better flame!"

and "ah, wretched boy, in what a Charybdis you labor, worthy of a better flame!"

§ 816

In absolute dignis, etiamsi spectatores habeas in primariis etiam, qui satis amarent, vel in graviorum tractatione relativae te dignitatis minus anxium observatorem, vel iisdem omnino praeferri levicula, comparative saltim, § 197–201: ne nimium des placentiae, quoniam relativa demum, non absoluta catholica, dignitas est admirabilis illa, § 187. quam sectari iubent, § 808–810. An in solis piorum sedibus contingeret, quod narrat Horatius II. od. 13?

In things absolutely worthy, even if among your primary spectators you have some who would sufficiently love you as a less anxious observer of relative dignity in treating graver things, or who would wholly prefer little things to them, at least comparatively, §§197–201, do not give too much to pleasingness, since only relative, not absolute catholic dignity, is that admirable dignity, §187, which they order us to pursue, §§808–810. Would what Horace narrates in Ode II.13 happen only in the seats of the pious?

Sourced quotation · Horace [997]

Aeoliis fidibus querentem
Sappho puellis de popularibus,
Et te sonantem plenius aureo,
Alcaee, plectro dura navis,
Dura fugae mala, dura belli,
Utrumque sacro digna silentio
Mirantur umbrae dicere. Sed magis
Pugnas et exactos tyrannos
Densum humeris bibit aure vulgus.

"And Sappho, with sweet lyric moan
Bewailing her ungentle sex,
And thee, Alcaeus, louder far
Chanting thy tale of woful wrecks,
Of woful exile, woful war!
In sacred awe the silent dead
Attend on each: but when the song
Of combat tells and tyrants fled,
Keen ears, press'd shoulders, closer throng."

§ 817

Verum 2) possunt quaedam, attentione mortalium dignissima, tamen aliquibus, qui forte tui sint spectatores primarii, certis in locis, temporibus, et occasionibus, minus opportuna, minus tempestiva vere esse, quibus nunc advertant animum, pro gravitate rei; b) possunt aliis, quorum caussa potissimum cogitas, talia videri, per errorem, largior, sed per errorem tamen, datis tuis viribus, dato tempore, non vincibilem.

But 2) certain things most worthy of mortal attention can nevertheless be truly less opportune and less timely for some who perhaps are your primary spectators, in certain places, times, and occasions, for them now to turn the mind toward them according to the gravity of the matter; b) they can seem such to others for whose sake you chiefly think, by error, I grant, but nevertheless by error not conquerable with your given powers and given time.

In utroque casu proferes tuis inaudita forsitan, immerito forsan incognita, neque tamen admirationem moveres, sed taedium.

In both cases you will bring forward things perhaps unheard by your people and perhaps undeservedly unknown, and yet you would not move admiration but tedium.

Nova dare cogitares, sed gratia novitatis excideres, § 815. Quo graviora sunt, quae cogitare parabas, hoc maiori opus erit sollicitudine, ne iis ea, qui fruge inventa, quicquid egeris, glandibus vesci malunt, contemtim proculcanda temere proiicias.

You would think to give new things, but you would fall away from the grace of novelty, §815. The graver the things you were preparing to think, the greater care will be needed lest you rashly throw them out to be contemptuously trampled by those who, once grain has been found, prefer to feed on acorns, whatever you have done.

§ 818

5) Ne eo in gradu inaudita quaeras, ut non sapientum solum fidem transcendant, § 424. non solum logica, et aesthetica, quam requirunt, nunc hypothetica, § 439. nunc generali, § 440. nunc strictissima, nunc heterocosmica, § 441. verisimilitudine destituta tuis obiectis personalibus praecipuis videri debeant, § 483. sed etiam dynamometria praevidere possis aesthetica, § 60. non fore tuarum virium, dato tempore, datis capitibus, seu spectatoribus, ea reddere vel aesthetice, quantum necesse sit, verisimilia, § 555. Alias, nova quidem, proferre videberis, sed nuces cassas, vitra fracta, somniorum interpretamenta, portenta Thessala, fabulas aniles, absurda, recens aliquis nugivendulus, neque curiositatem tuis concilians, nec admirationem, nisi quam irrisio comitem habet, et quae nunc sane non quaerebatur, § 808–810. Pone spectatores tuos praecipuos, qualis erat Iuvenalis, pene sibi neque vires, neque tempus esse legis hebraeae maximam illis ob oculos ponendi verisimilitudinem, ne quid nunc certius dicam; pone te tamen iisdem exponere,

5) Do not seek unheard things to such a degree that they not only transcend the trust of the wise, §424, and must seem to your principal personal objects destitute not only of logical verisimilitude but also of the aesthetic verisimilitude they require, now hypothetical, §439, now general, §440, now strictest, now heterocosmic, §441, §483, but also so that you can foresee by aesthetic dynamometry, §60, that it will not be within your powers, given the time and given heads or spectators, to make them aesthetically probable as much as necessary, §555. Otherwise you will seem indeed to bring forward new things, but empty nuts, broken glass, dream interpretations, Thessalian portents, old women's tales, absurdities, some recent dealer in trifles, conciliating neither curiosity nor admiration for your people, except that which has ridicule as companion, and which certainly was not now being sought, §§808–810. Suppose your principal spectators are such as Juvenal was; suppose that you have almost neither powers nor time to place before their eyes the greatest verisimilitude of Hebrew law, to say nothing now more certain; suppose nevertheless you expound to them

Sourced quotation · Juvenal [998]

Tradidit arcano quodcunque volumine Moses.

"and all that Moses committed to his secret tome,"

loqueris illis nova, inaudita multa romanis legibus, sed metuentem sabbata, nil praeter nubes, et caeli numen adorantem, cui suilla ac humana caro nil distet, cui septima quaeque lux ignava sit, pro egregia ponente, ea, quae optaras, nec curiositate prosequentur, nec admiratione.

You will speak to them many new things unheard in Roman laws, but they will not pursue with curiosity or admiration things that set as excellent a man who fears Sabbaths, worships nothing but clouds and the deity of heaven, to whom pork and human flesh do not differ, and to whom every seventh light is idle.

§ 819

6) Ne facile cogitanda venustius speres spectatorum gratia, quibus tractandorum et totum et partes, immo vero partium etiam partes forsitan, ita nova sint, ut non nisi longe petitis aliquantulum illustranda possis praevidere, § 741. Saltim enim dura videbitur spectatoribus tractatio, § 787. nisi omnino non satis protensionis et simul intensionis in attendendo secum ferentes de te capiendo desperent, et sic omnis simul et curiositas concidat, et admiratio lucem et gratiam pulcris meditationibus circumfundens, § 808. Belle cogitans nec omnem παραινέσιν a Paradiso, nec:

6) Do not easily hope that things can be thought more gracefully for the sake of spectators for whom the whole of what is to be treated and its parts, indeed perhaps even the parts of parts, are so new that you can foresee they can be illustrated only somewhat by far-fetched things, §741. For the treatment will at least seem hard to the spectators, §787, unless, bringing with them not enough extension and at the same time intensity in attending, they wholly despair of grasping you, and thus all curiosity collapses together, and admiration, which pours light and grace around beautiful meditations, §808. Beautiful thinking does not begin every παραινέσις from Paradise, nor the Trojan war

Sourced quotation · Horace [999]

gemino bellum Troianum orditur ab ovo,

"nor trace the rise of the Trojan war from [Leda's] eggs:"

sed ut possit

but, so that it can snatch the hearer

Sourced quotation · Horace [1000]

in medias res
Non secus, ac notas, auditorem rapere,

"he always hastens on to the event; and hurries away his reader in the midst of interesting circumstances, no otherwise than as if they were [already] known;"

res eligit, quarum, totum ubi novum fuerit, sint tamen partium apud auditores anticipationes quaedam, quarum partes si novae creantur, totius tamen iam adsit praeconcepta quaedam animis imago. § 484.

it chooses things of which, when the whole is new, there are nevertheless certain anticipations of the parts among the hearers, or, if parts are newly created, some preconceived image of the whole is already present in their minds, §484.

§ 820

MATERIAS ABSOLUTE EXHAUSTAS, de quibus nemo mortalium cuiquam aliquid venuste novi propinare possit amplius, alias ad horizontem aestheticum pertinentes, § 119. vix reor ullas esse.

I scarcely think there are any ABSOLUTELY EXHAUSTED MATERIALS, otherwise belonging to the aesthetic horizon, §119, about which no mortal could offer anyone anything gracefully new any longer.

RESPECTIVE autem exhaustae videri possint, de quibus datum ingenium datis obiectis personalium primariis vix aliquid venuste novi possit exponere.

But materials can seem RESPECTIVELY exhausted, about which a given talent, for given primary personal objects, could scarcely set forth anything gracefully new.

Hinc dissuaserim, si tecum est materiarum optio 7) ne temere thema tibi constituas, quod respectu tui tuorumque spectatorum ipsi tibi iusto te pede metienti possit exhaustum videri.

Hence I would advise, if the choice of materials is yours, 7) do not rashly establish for yourself a theme which, with respect to you and your spectators, can seem exhausted to you as you measure yourself with a just foot.

Quoniam illud nihilominus aggressus aut pulcrum novitatis studium desperabundus, abiicies contra § 808. trita quaevis et dicta sexcenties repetere satagens; aut illius tenax in magno periculo versaberis novi quidem, sed non naturalis, § 622, 623. non coloris, sed fuci § 688. rebus tuis inducendi. § 706, 324.

For if you nevertheless undertake it, either you will despairingly cast away beautiful zeal for novelty, contrary to §808, striving to repeat worn things and things said six hundred times; or, holding fast to novelty, you will be in great danger of introducing into your matters something new indeed, but not natural, §§622–623, not color but false coloring, §§688, 706, 324.

§ 821

8) Ne tantum novitatis et inopinati tuam in meditationem congeras, ut nova rerum et cogitationum frequentia ac constipatione tollatur omnis ille iucundus eleganter cogitatorum color, quo subito potius fusa, naturalique facilitate fluentia videantur nunc demum, quo ponuntur, tempore, quam multo cum sudore iam ante excussa per artem et longos labores ingenio, velut Minerva Iovis capiti.

8) Do not heap so much novelty and the unexpected into your meditation that, by the frequency and crowding of new things and thoughts, all that pleasing color of elegantly thought things is removed, by which they seem to have been poured out suddenly and to flow with natural ease at the very time in which they are set forth, rather than already shaken out with much sweat by art and long labors of talent, like Minerva from Jove's head.

Tunc enim nimia novitate suspecta redditur novitas, et acute dictum unum vel alterum si placuit, ut novum, decem uno halitu effata vetera credimus et praeparata. § 788.

For then novelty made excessive becomes suspect, and if one or another sharp saying has pleased as new, ten uttered in one breath we believe old and prepared, §788.

Sourced quotation · Quintilian [1001]

Pleraque gratiora sunt, si inventa subito, nec domo allata, sed inter dicendum ex ipsa re nata videantur. Unde illa non iniucunda schemata: paene excidit mihi, et: fugerat me, et: bene admones,

In the first place there are many points which can be produced in a more attractive manner, if they appear to be discovered on the spot and not to have been brought ready made from our study, but rather to have sprung from the requirements of the case itself while we were speaking. Thus we get those not unpleasing figures such as “It has almost escaped me,” “I had forgotten,” or “You do well to remind me.”,

Quint. IIII. 5. Hinc diiudica to rem verba honoris coram loquentium et gratiarum actiones pro praesenti beneficio tamen domi praeparatas afferentium non solum, sed etiam palam legentium, ne quis nesciat, se iam gratias egisse voti nondum compotes.

Quintilian IV.5. Hence judge the matter and words of those speaking honors in person, and bringing thanks for a present benefit prepared at home, not only bringing them but even reading them openly, lest anyone not know that he has already given thanks while not yet in possession of his wish.

§ 822

In primis autem amabilem suis novitatem conciliaturus omni ope caveat, 9) ne facile nova omnia et inaudita se prolaturum spondeat, qualia promissa plerumque relinquenda sunt circumforaneae circulatorum eloquentiae.

Above all, one who will conciliate lovable novelty for his own should take every care 9) not easily to promise that he will bring forward all new and unheard things. Such promises are usually to be left to the marketplace eloquence of mountebanks.

Quum enim propter ἔξοχον necessarium sit nota miscere incognitis, § 819. periculosum est, non sine specie saltim arrogantiae totalem utilium rerum ignorantiam, in qua huc usque versati sint, non ita tecte suis obiectis primariis spectatoribus exprobrare, et simul offensos erigere in tot sui iudices criticosque severiores, qui primo secum:

Since, because of the ἔξοχον, it is necessary to mix known things with unknown, §819, it is dangerous, with at least an appearance of arrogance, not very covertly to reproach one's primary spectator objects for total ignorance of useful things in which they have thus far been occupied, and at the same time to set up the offended as so many stricter judges and critics of oneself, who first ask themselves,

Sourced quotation · Horace [1002]

Quid dignum tanto feret hic promissor hiatu?

"What will this boaster produce worthy of all this gaping?"

et dein, si vere ἔξοχον neglexeris, magna cum verisimilitudine queant reprehendere non stetisse promissis, qui novis suis multa ante cognita intexuerit.

and then, if you have truly neglected the ἔξοχον, can with great probability criticize you for not having stood by your promises, since you wove into your novelties many things already known.

Quid autem, si quis inter eos minus tibi forte cognitus adsit, qui, vel ex veritate rei, vel saltim in poenam visae arrogantiae, non sine verisimilitudine, queat omnino, plausus loco, tibi regerere, se iam ista dudum novisse melius omnia, quam a te prolata sint?

But what if among them there is someone perhaps less known to you who, either from the truth of the matter or at least as punishment for perceived arrogance, can with probability reply to you instead of applause that he already knew all those things long ago better than they were brought forward by you?

§ 823

Quanto rectius hic, qui nil molitur inepte, Crassus § 809. qui nihil inauditi promittit, et eo ipso, quum dudum cognita tantum revocaturus in animum videri vult, tecte studio novitatis arrepit, impetraturus, ut quae forte iam noveris, ea audias lubenter, quoniam promissa sint; quae minus noveris, eaque ratione, qua proferuntur, nunquam antea conceperas, eo percipias nunc lubentius, quoniam nova deprehendis oblata inopinato; simulque vere tibi nova tibi recludens modeste dissimulat auditoris ignorantiam.

How much more rightly does Crassus proceed here, who attempts nothing ineptly, §809, who promises nothing unheard, and by that very fact, while he wishes to seem about to recall only things long known into the mind, secretly creeps toward zeal for novelty. He will obtain that what you perhaps already know you hear gladly because it has been promised as known; what you know less, and had never before conceived in the way in which it is brought forward, you perceive now all the more gladly because you find new things offered unexpectedly; and at the same time, by opening things truly new to you, he modestly conceals the auditor's ignorance.

Thaumaturgia aesthetica, sed sobria, consentit cum illo:

Aesthetic thaumaturgy, but sober, agrees with this:

Sourced quotation · Horace [1003]

Non satis est dixisse: Ego mira poemata pango.

"But [in poetry] it is now enough for a man to say of himself: “I make
admirable verses”"

Hinc nec ubique laborat in eum admirationis gradum coniicere, quo vel

Hence it does not everywhere labor to cast one into that degree of admiration by which either

Sourced quotation · Virgil [1004]

Obstupui, steteruntque comae, vox faucibus haesit,

"I quailed, my hair rose, and I gasped for fear;"

vel blandior animum extra se rapit ecstasis, qualem ex Catullo vidimus, § 87. Ad quantamcunque suis novitatem, et huius proportionatum intuitum, aliquantulum saltim, admirationis, quodque sollicitationem ad mirandum malis forte dicere, quam ipsum mirari, procurandum iuvabit.

or a gentler ecstasy snatches the mind outside itself, such as we saw from Catullus, §87. It will help to procure, for whatever novelty belongs to one's material and the proportionate intuition of it, at least some admiration, and what you may perhaps prefer to call solicitation toward wondering rather than wonder itself.

§ 824

1) Antiquissima nonnunquam animo recolere, quae tamen immerito paene deperdita doceas.

1) It is sometimes useful to recall to mind the most ancient things which nevertheless you teach as almost undeservedly lost.

Ferunt ipsi archaismi bene recteque locati suam secum novitatem, et dudum cognita, quae quotidie menti recurrere debebant, si clarius aliquando, veluti iure postliminii revocantur ad animum, iterata sua eundem novitate percellunt, idipsum mirantem, qui potuerit eorum tantum non oblivisci. 2) Non novis, uti non diffitearis, novam lucem si dare cogites, derelicta materiarum et obiectorum novitate, § 812. immo expresse negata, id unice intendas, ut ista, quae videantur obsoleta, tamen ea ratione nunc deducas, tuisque spectatoribus ob oculos sistas, ut hoc ipsum illis aliquantulum mirum videatur, rem et materiem toties a se cogitatam hac tamen ratione modo ac via, hac serie et iunctura, sibi nunquam observatam esse huc usque.

Even archaisms, well and rightly placed, carry their novelty with them; and things long known, which ought to have recurred daily to the mind, if sometimes recalled more clearly to the mind as if by right of return, strike it by their repeated novelty, making it wonder how it could have almost forgotten them. 2) If you think to give new light to things you do not deny are not new, abandoning novelty of materials and objects, §812, indeed expressly denying it, intend this alone: that those things which seem obsolete you now nevertheless deduce in such a way and set before your spectators' eyes in such a way that this very thing seems somewhat marvelous to them, that a thing and material so often thought by them had nevertheless never been observed by them in this way, by this mode and path, this series and joining, up to now.

Quo tunc nova tua de satis cognitis cogitandi ratio magis ad naturam accedet, quo pronior, facilior, et cuiusvis parabilior videatur, hoc spondere tibi maiorem admirationem poteris.

The more your new way of thinking about sufficiently known things approaches nature, the more ready, easy, and available to anyone it seems, the greater admiration you can promise yourself.

§ 825

3) Circa materias dudum cognitas occupatus prudenter ab initio statim venustae meditationis subindicabit, novam easdem lucem utique mereri, forsan et ipse mirabitur: unde fiat, ut in adeo notis tam infrequens tamen, tam inusitata sit ea res eiusmodi declarandi ratio, quae nisi sit optima, negligi tamen et omnino contemni, profecto, non mereatur, ea scilicet, quam dein ipse meditatur ingredi, § 823. 4) Quae minus videantur verisimilia, largiri saepe decet, ea non videri, addere etiam rationes dubitandi, si vacat, et sic sensim auditorem in istam spem inducere, videnda sibi forte post hanc ipsam tractationem, quae nunc non videantur, non veri solum similia, sed etiam omnino vera; liberandum eius noviter animum esse iam inveteratis contra datam materiem dubiis, e. c. 5) Sint etiam perceptiones tuae partiales notae, tu modo novum inde totum apte compone, nec laude novitatis excides.

3) Occupied with matters long known, the prudent writer will immediately from the beginning of the beautiful meditation indicate that these nevertheless deserve a new light, and perhaps he himself will wonder why in matters so well known this way of declaring such a thing is nevertheless so infrequent and unusual, a way which, even if it is not best, certainly does not deserve to be neglected and wholly despised, namely the way he then meditates entering, §823. 4) It is often fitting to grant that things which seem less probable do not seem probable, and also to add reasons for doubting, if there is leisure, and so gradually lead the auditor into this hope: perhaps after this treatment things that now do not seem true-like will seem not only similar to truth, but altogether true; his mind, newly, must be freed from doubts already grown old against the given material. 5) Let your partial perceptions even be known, provided you aptly compose from them a new whole, and you will not fall from praise of novelty.

Quid coloribus, quid floribus plerisque notius? quot inde tamen novi Venerum nostrarum habitus, quot nova serta puellarum

What is better known than colors and most flowers? Yet how many new garments of our Venuses, how many new garlands of girls

Sourced quotation · Horace [1005]

saevis in iuvenes unguibus acrium?

"Who with pared nails encounter youths in fight;"

6) Sit totum iam cognitum, tu vero tecum illud circumspice, si qua sit eius pars, si qua facies aut latus aliquod minus aliis observatum, spectandum tamen, § 815. lustranti oculis omnia se tandem offerat. Hanc notissimae rei partem, faciem, vel latus ex comparativis tenebris protrahe, hoc potissimum in punctum visus spectatoribus tuis loca, et reliqua sic superadde, uti cum hoc arctius connectuntur, vel remotius.

arise from them? 6) Let the whole already be known; you, however, look around it with yourself to see whether some part, some face or side less observed than others, yet worth seeing, finally offers itself to the eyes as they survey all, §815. Draw this part, face, or side of the most familiar thing from comparative darkness; place your spectators especially at this point of view, and add the remaining things as they are more closely or more remotely connected with it.

Quam urbem sexcenties vidi e longinquo nonnihil a plaga septentrionali, si mihi eam primus ex plaga meridionali prospiciendam exhibueris, specula non inepte locata, novum exhibuisse mihi spectaculum grato videberis. § 823. Agnoscere tunc veteres, quas dudum novi, turres, palatia, vicos, sed aliud oculis latus obvertentes, aliam iuncturam, augebit voluptatem potius, quam minuet.

If you first display for me from the southern side a city I have seen six hundred times from far away somewhat on the northern side, you will seem to me, by a not ineptly placed lookout, to have exhibited a new spectacle with pleasure. Then recognizing old towers, palaces, and streets which I long knew, but turned with another side to the eyes and in another joining, will increase pleasure rather than diminish it.

Sources and textual notes

[975] Cicero, Pro P. Quinctio 8. Charles Duke Yonge, The Orations of Marcus Tullius Cicero, vol. 1 (London: Henry G. Bohn, 1903), Pro P. Quinctio 8, as encoded by the Perseus Digital Library. Source 1

Baumgarten prints historical or orthographic vulneribus, quum, and ademta where the comparison text has volneribus, cum, and adempta. More substantively, he changes illorum impetus to istorum impetus, omits id before quod parati sunt facere, and suppresses falsum crimen quasi before venenatum aliquod telum. Yonge translates the complete source; consequently his “false accusation like a poisoned arrow” preserves the phrase Baumgarten has shortened to the poisoned weapon alone.

Reuse information

Yonge died in 1891, and the linked public-domain edition is dated 1903. The Perseus file supplies the translator, volume, publication data, and encoded translation.

[976] Cicero, Pro T. Annio Milone 5. Charles Duke Yonge, The Orations of Marcus Tullius Cicero, Literally Translated, vol. 3 (London: George Bell and Sons, 1891), Pro Milone 5, as encoded by the Perseus Digital Library. Source 1

Baumgarten has historical spellings caeteras, duntaxat, and concionum for comparison-text ceteras, dumtaxat, and contionum. He capitalizes the excerpt and closes it with a period, while Cicero continues with the causal clause beginning quia. Yonge includes that clause so that the English remains syntactically complete.

Reuse information

Yonge died in 1891, and the cited 1891 translation is in the United States public domain. The linked Perseus file identifies the translator and edition and supplies the text.

[977] Virgil, Aeneid 6.88-90. Theodore C. Williams, The Aeneid of Virgil (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1910), 6.88-90, as encoded by the Perseus Digital Library. Source 1

Baumgarten retains Virgil's words through dea but replaces the source semicolons after defuerint and dea with periods, capitalizes all displayed line openings, and stops before the coordinated prophecy nec Teucris addita Iuno / usquam aberit. Williams recasts the negative future “shall not be lacking” as the positive “shalt behold” and renders castra by the metonymic “horde.”

Reuse information

Williams's translation was published in 1910 and is in the United States public domain. The linked Perseus file identifies Williams, publisher, year, and text.

[978] Cicero, lost speech In Clodium et Curionem, fragment preserved by Quintilian, Institutio oratoria 9.2.56. Baumgarten first quotes the complete fragment at section 791. H. E. Butler, The Institutio Oratoria of Quintilian, vol. 3 (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press; London: William Heinemann, 1921), 9.2.56, as encoded by the Perseus Digital Library. Source 1

Section 804 deliberately repeats only the first four words of Baumgarten's fuller section-791 citation; it is an analytical back-reference, not evidence for a second Ciceronian locus. The only change within those four words is initial capitalization. Because Butler moves mihi crede to the front and translates Quintilian's entire ironic example, his sentence cannot be clipped after “blame” without losing the source's translated word order.

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[979] Virgil, Eclogues 2.8. Baumgarten first quotes the complete line as part of a four-line extract at section 794. James Rhoades, The Poems of Vergil (London: Oxford University Press, 1921), Eclogues 2.8, as encoded by the Perseus Digital Library. Source 1

Baumgarten abbreviates the earlier Virgilian line by omitting etiam and umbras et, capitalizes Nunc, and removes the source semicolon. The result is his metaleptic shorthand for midday, not a distinct Virgilian quotation. Rhoades's “cooling shade” renders the combined source phrase umbras et frigora, so the existing translation necessarily reflects words that Baumgarten suppresses in this back-reference.

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[980] Virgil, Eclogues 7.37. James Rhoades, The Poems of Vergil (London: Oxford University Press, 1921), Eclogues 7.37-38, as encoded by the Perseus Digital Library. Source 1

Baumgarten preserves Virgil's wording, capitalization, and order exactly but turns the source's continuing comma into a period. Rhoades explicates the patronymic adjective Nerine as “Daughter of Nereus” and runs the comparison into line 38; that second English line therefore begins with the requested phrase but also translates the next Latin comparison.

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[981] Cicero, De oratore 1.137 (Book 1, chapter 31). John Selby Watson, trans. and ed., Cicero on Oratory and Orators: With His Letters to Quintus and Brutus (London: George Bell and Sons, 1896), De oratore, Book 1, chapter 31, section 137, p. 177. Source 1

Baumgarten drops the narrative Tum Crassus, connective atqui, vocative Sulpici, and relative quae dixero. He relocates arbitror from before cum audieris to after it, prints historical Quum and caussam, and changes source cur cuperes to infinitival cur cupere. He also divides at the source's semicolon and adds commas around the final aut phrases. Watson translates the complete dialogue frame, including the material Baumgarten suppresses, while preserving the contrast between expected marvels and familiar instruction.

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[982] Virgil, Eclogues 3.86, spoken by Menalcas in the singing contest with Damoetas. James Rhoades, The Poems of Vergil (London: Oxford University Press, 1921), Eclogues 3.86; Perseus Digital Library text. Source 1

Baumgarten stops at carmina, omits Virgil's following imperative pascite taurum, and replaces the source colon with a period. The retained words are otherwise unchanged. Rhoades's colon preserves the source sentence's continuation, which his next two English lines translate.

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[983] Cicero, Laelius de amicitia 68 (cited as De amicitia 70 in Baumgarten's text), in Laelius's comparison of new and old friendships. William Armistead Falconer, De Senectute, De Amicitia, De Divinatione, with an English Translation (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press; London: William Heinemann, 1923), Laelius de amicitia 68; Perseus Digital Library text. Source 1

Baumgarten omits Cicero's connective autem, writes tanquam where the comparison text has tamquam, and ends before the main predicate non sunt illae quidem repudiandae. Entry 984 supplies an abridged form of that predicate. Falconer's full clause is quoted so that the two Baumgarten records are not mistaken for independent sentences. The locus is 68 in the cited modern edition despite Baumgarten's reference to 70.

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[984] Cicero, Laelius de amicitia 68 (cited as De amicitia 70 in Baumgarten's text), continuing the sentence excerpted in Entry 983. William Armistead Falconer, De Senectute, De Amicitia, De Divinatione, with an English Translation (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press; London: William Heinemann, 1923), Laelius de amicitia 68; Perseus Digital Library text. Source 1

Baumgarten extracts the predicate from Cicero's sentence but omits the emphatic quidem between illae and repudiandae and suppresses the source comma. Its subject and condition appear separately in Entry 983. Falconer renders non ... repudiandae idiomatically as “are not to be scorned” and translates the complete sentence unit.

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[985] Quintilian, Institutio oratoria 4.5.4, on circumstances in which a formal advance partition of one's proofs should be omitted. Harold Edgeworth Butler, The Institutio Oratoria of Quintilian, vol. 2 (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press; London: William Heinemann, 1921), Institutio oratoria 4.5.4; Perseus Digital Library text. Source 1

This is Baumgarten's indirect-discourse paraphrase, not a verbatim Quintilian sentence. He replaces the source's ablative absolute propositis ... probationibus with non multum ab initio orationis and changes passive nominative omnis ... gratia ... praecerpitur to accusative plus active infinitive omnem ... gratiam praecerpere. The core sequence in reliquum ... novitatis gratiam remains recognizable. The linked Perseus TEI miskeys Butler's “the charm” as “tile charm”; the obvious transcription error is corrected above.

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[986] Quintilian, Institutio oratoria 8.3.5-6. Section 6 embeds a sentence that Quintilian attributes to a now-lost letter of Cicero to Brutus. Harold Edgeworth Butler, The Institutio Oratoria of Quintilian, vol. 3 (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press; London: William Heinemann, four-volume edition issued 1920-1922), Institutio oratoria 8.3.5-6; Perseus Digital Library text. Source 1

Baumgarten omits Quintilian's initial nam, adds a comma after attendunt, and separates sections 5 and 6 with a double dash. He changes recteque to capitalized Recte, replaces the comma after scribit with a colon, capitalizes the quoted Nam, and reorders source eandem Aristoteles quoque as Aristoteles quoque eandem. Butler translates the entire two-section unit and marks the inner Ciceronian sentence as a quotation; that letter has no independent surviving translation witness.

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[987] Cicero, Tusculan Disputations 3.30 (3.14.30), in the discussion of foresight as protection against grief. Charles Duke Yonge, Cicero's Tusculan Disputations; also, Treatises on the Nature of the Gods, and on the Commonwealth (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1877), Tusculan Disputations 3.30; Project Gutenberg ebook 14988. Source 1

Cicero writes nihil admirari, cum acciderit; Baumgarten extracts only the infinitive phrase and contracts nihil to nil. Yonge's “when anything happens” translates the omitted cum acciderit and is retained to make the published English grammatical in context.

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[988] Horace, Epistles 1.6.1-2, addressed to Numicius. Christopher Smart, The Works of Horace, new edition revised by Theodore Alois Buckley (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1863), Epistles 1.6.1-2; Project Gutenberg ebook 14020. Source 1

Baumgarten adds a comma after admirari, capitalizes the second verse, replaces Horace's et with ac, and turns the final source comma into a period. Smart's prose joins the two verses and renders facere et servare idiomatically as “make and keep.”

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[989] Horace, Odes 3.1.2-4, in the opening declaration of the Muses' priest. John Conington, The Odes and Carmen Saeculare of Horace (London: George Bell & Sons, 1882), Odes 3.1.2-4; Perseus Digital Library text. Source 1

Baumgarten begins after Horace's favete linguis, capitalizes the extracted second line, and stops after sacerdos, omitting both the audience virginibus puerisque and the finite verb canto. Conington's three lines translate the complete source syntax: “Keep holy silence” represents the omitted opening and “I sing to youths and maids alone” the omitted close.

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[990] Horace, Odes 2.20.1-2, at the beginning of the poet's fantasy of metamorphosis and flight. John Conington, The Odes and Carmen Saeculare of Horace (London: George Bell & Sons, 1882), Odes 2.20.1-2; Perseus Digital Library text. Source 1

Baumgarten changes Horace's finite future passive ferar to future active participle laturus, omits biformis and liquidum, changes accusative Greek-form aethera to aetherem, moves penna, and lowercases the opening. This is a source-based recast rather than a continuous verbatim excerpt. Conington translates Horace's original grammar, including “liquid” for the adjective Baumgarten omits.

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[991] Virgil, Eclogues 3.26-27, Menalcas taunting Damoetas about his piping. James Rhoades, The Poems of Vergil (London: Oxford University Press, 1921), Eclogues 3.25-27; Perseus Digital Library text. Source 1

Baumgarten removes the interrogative frame Non tu ... solebas, changes vocative indocte to nominative indoctus, and moves it before in triviis. He capitalizes Stridenti and replaces the question mark with a period. Rhoades translates the complete taunt and does not render indocte with a separate English epithet; his opening “when had you ever pipe / wax-welded?” represents the preceding source frame.

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[992] Ovid, Metamorphoses 2.31, within the sentence continuing through verse 32. Brookes More, Metamorphoses (Boston: Cornhill Publishing Company, 1922), Book 2, as encoded by the Perseus Digital Library. Source 1

Baumgarten lifts the internal participial phrase rerum novitate paventem from Ovid's description of Phoebus seeing Phaethon, retains its source lowercase opening, and adds a comma. The source has no punctuation at this point because paventem modifies iuvenem in the next verse and the sentence continues to vidit. More's “trembling youth, fear-struck, / in mute amazement” translates that complete syntax; the ellipsis above marks the remainder of his line, not an omission in Ovid at this point.

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[993] Ovid, Metamorphoses 2.56-58, 2.89, and 2.95-99, assembled non-contiguously from Phoebus's warning to Phaethon. Brookes More, Metamorphoses (Boston: Cornhill Publishing Company, 1922), Book 2, as encoded by the Perseus Digital Library. Source 1

Baumgarten first quotes verses 56-58, omits verses 59-88, resumes for verse 89, omits verses 90-94, and resumes again for verses 95-99, without marking either jump. Against the comparison text he writes affectas for adfectas, quicquid for quidquid, and singular boni for plural bonis. He removes the commas enclosing circumspice, inserts commas after mortale, caeli, and marisque, and divides the last sentence after repulsam and honor est. The displayed capitals also differ. More translates the continuous poem; the two ellipses above prevent his separated portions from being mistaken for one continuous passage, while his opening two contextual verses correspond to Ovid 2.54-55, which Baumgarten did not quote.

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[994] Horace, Satires 2.5.56. C. Smart, The Works of Horace, literally translated into English prose, “A New Edition,” revised by Theodore Alois Buckley, Second Book of the Satires, Satire 5, Project Gutenberg eBook 14020. The linked transcription gives no publication imprint or date for this issue. Source 1

Baumgarten extracts the object, verb, and participle from the middle of Horace's line, omitting subject scriba ex quinqueviro, and places a comma after each of the three retained words. Horace's source line has no internal punctuation there. Smart's “shall delude the gaping raven” preserves the retained syntax but necessarily supplies its omitted subject in the full sentence quoted above.

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Smart died in 1771 and Buckley in 1856; their translation and revision are out of copyright. The linked Project Gutenberg record identifies the eBook as public domain in the United States.

[995] Horace, Satires 2.5.58. C. Smart, The Works of Horace, literally translated into English prose, “A New Edition,” revised by Theodore Alois Buckley, Second Book of the Satires, Satire 5, Project Gutenberg eBook 14020. The linked transcription gives no publication imprint or date for this issue. Source 1

The words and interrogative division are exact, but Baumgarten removes the source's dialogue quotation marks and capitalizes Num as an independent excerpt. Smart's square-bracketed “prophetic” is the historical edition's explanatory supplement for furis, while “designedly” renders prudens; neither represents extra Latin in Baumgarten.

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Smart died in 1771 and Buckley in 1856; their translation and revision are out of copyright. The linked Project Gutenberg record identifies the eBook as public domain in the United States.

[996] Horace, Odes 1.27.1-3 and 1.27.18-20, joined non-contiguously; Baumgarten retains only the first word of verse 3 before jumping to verse 18. John Conington, The Odes and Carmen Saeculare of Horace (London: George Bell and Sons, 1882), Ode 1.27, as encoded by the Perseus Digital Library. Source 1

Baumgarten takes verses 1-2 and only morem from verse 3, then suppresses the rest of verses 3-17 and attaches verses 18-20 without an ellipsis. He changes source interjection a to ah, imperfect laborabas to present laboras, replaces the colon after est with a period, and closes with an exclamation. Conington translates the continuous ode: his “Bacchus” and the two contextual lines before “That wild Charybdis” render words around the cut points, while the editorial ellipsis above makes Baumgarten's jump visible.

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[997] Horace, Odes 2.13.24-32. John Conington, The Odes and Carmen Saeculare of Horace (London: George Bell and Sons, 1882), Ode 2.13.24-32, as encoded by the Perseus Digital Library. Source 1

Baumgarten capitalizes each displayed continuation, adds commas after popularibus, aureo, navis, and belli, and changes the source comma after dicere to a period before Sed. Against the cited text he also writes humeris for umeris and vulgus for volgus, both familiar orthographic variants. The wording and verse order are otherwise continuous. Conington's final “Keen ears, press'd shoulders, closer throng” freely rearranges densum ... bibit aure volgus but preserves both the listening and the shoulder-to-shoulder crowd.

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Conington died in 1869 and this edition was published in 1882. The translation is in the United States public domain; the linked Perseus file supplies its bibliographic metadata and encoded text.

[998] Juvenal, Satires 14.102. G. G. Ramsay, Juvenal and Persius, Loeb Classical Library 91 (London: William Heinemann; New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1918), Satire 14, in Roger Pearse's transcription. Source 1

Baumgarten extracts verse 102 from Juvenal's hostile account of inherited Jewish practice, capitalizes the opening, and changes the source comma to a period. He prints quodcunque for critical quodcumque and Moses for Latinized Moyses. Ramsay likewise uses the conventional English name “Moses” and renders arcano ... volumine as “secret tome”; the English form does not settle the Latin spelling variant.

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Ramsay's translation was published in 1918 and is in the United States public domain. The linked page identifies the translator and 1918 edition, labels the material public domain, and supplies the complete Satire 14 transcription.

[999] Horace, Ars poetica 147. C. Smart, The Works of Horace, literally translated into English prose, “A New Edition,” revised by Theodore Alois Buckley, Art of Poetry, verse 147, Project Gutenberg eBook 14020. The linked transcription gives no publication imprint or date for this issue. Source 1

Baumgarten drops Horace's initial negative conjunction nec, retains lowercase gemino as the start of his excerpt, and replaces the source colon with a comma. Smart's initial “nor” translates the omitted nec, while the edition's bracketed “Leda's” explains the mythological reference: Homer does not begin the Trojan War from the egg or paired eggs from which Helen was born.

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Smart died in 1771 and Buckley in 1856; their translation and revision are out of copyright. The linked Project Gutenberg record identifies the eBook as public domain in the United States.

[1000] Horace, Ars poetica 148-149. C. Smart, The Works of Horace, literally translated into English prose, “A New Edition,” revised by Theodore Alois Buckley, Art of Poetry, verses 148-149, Project Gutenberg eBook 14020. The linked transcription gives no publication imprint or date for this issue. Source 1

Baumgarten begins midway through verse 148, suppressing semper ad eventum festinat et, and ends before verse 149's et quae. He changes finite rapit to infinitive rapere, thereby turning a statement about Homer's practice into an infinitival example, capitalizes Non, adds commas after secus and notas, and closes with a comma. Smart translates the continuous source and therefore retains the finite syntax (“hastens” and “hurries”) and the antecedent “he”; his bracketed “already” is an editorial clarification of notas.

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Smart died in 1771 and Buckley in 1856; their translation and revision are out of copyright. The linked Project Gutenberg record identifies the eBook as public domain in the United States.

[1001] Quintilian, Institutio oratoria 4.5.4. H. E. Butler, The Institutio Oratoria of Quintilian, vol. 2 (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press; London: William Heinemann, 1921), 4.5.4, as encoded by the Perseus Digital Library. Source 1

Baumgarten omits Quintilian's introductory primum, quia and capitalizes the new opening. He prints assimilated allata for adlata, transposes source ex re ipsa to ex ipsa re, and substitutes bene admones for recte admones. He also adds a comma after subito, turns the source comma after videantur into a period, uses a colon before and within the list of figures, and supplies no final stop. Butler translates the received source: his “In the first place” corresponds to words Baumgarten omitted, and “You do well to remind me” conveys source recte while also fitting Baumgarten's synonymous bene.

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Butler's translation was published in 1921 and is in the United States public domain. The linked Perseus file identifies Butler and the 1920-1922 edition and supplies the encoded translation.

[1002] Horace, Ars poetica 138. Christopher Smart, revised by Theodore Alois Buckley, The Works of Horace, new edition (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1863), Ars poetica 138, in the Project Gutenberg transcription. Source 1

Baumgarten reproduces Horace's words, order, and question mark exactly, changing only the capitalization appropriate to a freestanding extract. Smart's “gaping” directly renders hiatu and retains the mocking question.

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Smart died in 1771, Buckley in 1856, and the cited edition was published in 1863. The translation is in the United States public domain; Project Gutenberg permits reuse under its stated license.

[1003] Horace, Ars poetica 416, within the poet's caricature of untrained self-confidence. Christopher Smart, revised by Theodore Alois Buckley, The Works of Horace, new edition (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1863), Ars poetica 416, in the Project Gutenberg transcription. Source 1

Horace says nunc satis est, “now it is enough”; Baumgarten replaces nunc with negating Non, thereby reversing the proposition for his own argument. He also removes the source's quotation marks and turns the semicolon into a period. Smart translates the Horatian source reading, so its “now enough” should not be silently treated as a translation of Baumgarten's “not enough.”

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Smart died in 1771, Buckley in 1856, and the cited edition was published in 1863. The translation is in the United States public domain; Project Gutenberg permits reuse under its stated license.

[1004] Virgil, Aeneid 2.774, when Creusa's shade appears to Aeneas. Theodore C. Williams, The Aeneid of Virgil (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1910), Book 2, as encoded by the Perseus Digital Library. Source 1

Baumgarten prints Obstupui for Virgil's Obstipui, omits the conjunction et between comae and vox, inserts a comma in its place, and leaves the excerpt open with a comma rather than the source period. Williams renders the complete three-part reaction in one English verse.

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[1005] Horace, Odes 1.6.18, in the closing description of girls who engage spirited young men in playful combat. John Conington, The Odes and Carmen Saeculare of Horace (London: George Bell and Sons, 1882), Ode 1.6.18, as encoded by the Perseus Digital Library. Source 1

Horace has sectis ... unguibus, “with trimmed nails,” which Conington renders “with pared nails.” Baumgarten substitutes saevis, “savage” or “fierce,” changing the image materially, and adds a question mark to make the fragment serve his rhetorical question. Conington translates the source, not Baumgarten's substituted adjective.

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Conington died in 1869 and this edition was published in 1882. The translation is in the United States public domain; the Perseus canonical repository supplies the digital text and metadata.