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Alexander Gottlieb Baumgarten

Aesthetica

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§ 876

Ad locum aesthetices de pulcris ratiocinationibus rite formandis ablegemus excutienda, quae Cicero habet de inductionibus n. 51–56. et tractationem de ratiocinationibus venustis tam simplicibus, quam concatenatis, qua patebit illas esse posse ac solere tripertitas, neque tamen semper vel tot constare partibus necessario: has vel trium tantum partium esse posse, solere tamen quatuor, vel quinque partibus absolvi, quanquam plures etiam articulos non omnino reformident.

Let us send away to the place in aesthetics concerning the right formation of beautiful ratiocinations the things to be examined which Cicero has concerning inductions, numbers 51–56, and the treatment of graceful ratiocinations, both simple and concatenated. There it will become clear that the former can be and usually are tripartite, and yet do not always necessarily consist of so many parts; the latter can be of only three parts, but usually are completed by four or five parts, although they do not altogether fear more joints.

Unde diiudicari poterit controversia, de qua Cicero l. c. 57–76. Nunc solum notemus eiusdem iudicium, quo abhorrere censet ab usu oratorio (hinc multo magis a poetico, generatim aesthetico)

From this the controversy about which Cicero speaks there, 57–76, can be judged. Now let us note only his judgment, by which he thinks that

Passage with quotations · Cicero [1070]

multa et obscura (κατ' αἴσθησιν, § 631.) de quibus certum est artificium constitutum, (logicum) quibus scilicet rationibus tractentur argumentationes in philosophia.

But we wish it to be understood that we hold the doctrine that argumentations are handled in philosophy in many other manners, and those too at times obscure ones, concerning which, however, there is still some definite system laid down. But still those methods appear to us to be inconsistent with the practice of an orator.

These matters are obscure to sense (§631), and the established art is logical art; they are abhorrent from oratorical use, and hence much more from poetic and generally aesthetic use.

§ 877

Praebet enim occasionem concessae § 862, 863. libertati nunc adiungendi consilium expresse dissuasorium, in venustis confirmationibus ne adhibeas ratiocinationes, quarum forma secundum logices artificium legitima logicorum gnaris sine ulla crypsi, sine ullo saltu, sine ullis additamentis variationibusve retenta statim appareat, quosque formales logici dicunt.

For this gives occasion to add now to the liberty conceded in §§862, 863 an expressly dissuasive counsel: in graceful confirmations do not use ratiocinations whose form, legitimate according to the art of logic, appears at once to those skilled in logic, retained without any concealment, without any leap, without any additions or variations, and which logicians call formal.

Logices imperitis formales eiusmodi syllogismos qualemcunque, maiorem tamen, certitudinem, ac alios, dare, nunquam expertus sum, nec a priori convictus, si cum vere persuasoriis, uti fas est, comparentur.

I have never experienced that formal syllogisms of this kind give to those unskilled in logic any certitude, or greater certitude than others, nor have I been convinced a priori, if they are compared, as is proper, with truly persuasive ones.

Periti logices aut operae pretium iudicabunt aliquam tuarum ratiocinationum etiam in formali rationis certitudine maiori contemplari, et tunc ipsi formam tuis logicam induere poterunt: aut certitudinem eiusmodi, nunc certe, non desiderant, hinc nec his proderis, vel placebis singulariter.

Those skilled in logic will either judge it worthwhile to contemplate one of your ratiocinations also in the greater formal certitude of reason, and then they themselves can put logical form upon your arguments; or they do not, for now, desire certitude of this kind, and hence you will not help or please these people especially.

Interim horizontem nunc tuum transcendens, § 121. manca, § 159. μέλος aestheticum negligens, § 193, 194. male tenuia, § 232. sicca, exilia, arida, exsanguia, ieiuna, § 246. studium veri male locatum, nunc tuo, verisimilitudinis aestheticae studio praeferens, § 555, 561. probans non persuadens, § 541. aesthetice obscura, § 633, 636. cogitare, neque tamen aesthetice solidus iudicaberis. § 840, 842.

Meanwhile, by thinking in a way that transcends your present horizon, §121, is maimed, §159, neglects aesthetic μέλος, §§193, 194, is badly plain, §232, dry, thin, arid, bloodless, and meager, §246, prefers a badly placed study of truth to your present study of aesthetic verisimilitude, §§555, 561, proves but does not persuade, §541, and is aesthetically obscure, §§633, 636, you will still not be judged aesthetically solid, §§840, 842.

§ 878

Confirmaturus potius materiam suarum probationum curans, secundum S. XII. poterit hylen quandam et quasi silvam rationum aliquando detegere 1) coordinatarum plurium, quaeque singulae connectantur quidem satis belle cum confirmando, videantur tamen a se invicem satis independentes, 2) subordinatarum inter se, sic, ut totae quidem et integrae series ad confirmandum usque diductae non ita multae sint, ad harum autem singulas multae tanquam ulteriores probationes concurrant, et in bene longam plurium membrorum probantium concatenationem possint concrescere.

One who will confirm, caring rather for the matter of his proofs according to Sect. XII, will sometimes be able to uncover a certain matter, and as it were forest, of reasons: 1) several coordinate reasons, each of which is indeed joined beautifully enough with what is to be confirmed, yet seem sufficiently independent of one another; 2) reasons subordinated among themselves, so that whole and complete series led out to what is to be confirmed are not very many, but many further proofs converge upon each of these and can grow together into a long concatenation of several proving members.

Si brevitas quasdam relinquere iusserit, posteriores venustius; ac primo loco descriptae, recidentur.

If brevity orders that some be left out, the later kind just described will be more gracefully cut away than the first.

Numerus enim et quasi synathroismus quidam novorum semper novorumque argumentorum plus gratiae, plus vividitatis habebit, ac unius argumenti transcendens forte patientiam analogi rationis protensio.

For a number, and as it were a certain gathering, of always new arguments will have more grace and more vividness than the extension of one argument, perhaps beyond the patience of the analogue of reason.

Haec intensivam veri conscientiam, certitudinem rationis amabilem sagacitati, maiorem exhiberet, fateor, sed illa copiosius probare visa rationis analogo nunc quaerendam maiorem extensivam veri conscientiam pollicetur, sensitivam evidentiam, § 847.

I admit that this latter would exhibit a greater intensive consciousness of the true, a certitude of reason lovable to sagacity; but the former, seeming to prove more abundantly, promises to the analogue of reason the greater extensive consciousness of the true now to be sought, sensory evidence, §847.

§ 879

Neque tamen argumenta confirmaturus numeret solum, § 878, sed etiam ponderet, § 177. quantum ex quovis veritas et verisimilitudo confirmandi patere possit, iudicans, M. § 697. ut digna relatu possit adhibere secundum iustam lucis et umbrae dispensationem singula collocando, § 666. reiectis omnino FRIVOLIS; quorum vis dilucide probandi vel nulla, vel infinite parva. § 839, 191. Nec ea temere speres, saltim ut umbras, graviora comitari posse. § 661. Quid enim? si vel unius eiusmodi probationis ex umbra protrahatur admirabilis imbecillitas, et evidenter ponatur ob oculos, quam ineptum sit ad persuadendum?

Yet one who will confirm should not merely count arguments, §878, but also weigh them, §177, judging how much the truth and verisimilitude of what is to be confirmed can lie open from each, Metaphysics §697, so that he can use those worthy of being related by placing each according to the just distribution of light and shade, §666, and rejecting altogether FRIVOLOUS arguments, whose force for clearly proving is either none or infinitely small, §§839, 191. Nor should you rashly hope that such arguments can accompany weightier ones even as shadows, §661. For what if the admirable weakness of even one proof of this kind should be drawn out from the shade and placed evidently before the eyes, showing how unfit it is for persuading?

Tunc sane vel optimis aliis meras contemtus et oblivionis tenebras poterit adspergere. § 665.

Then indeed it could sprinkle even the best other proofs with sheer darkness of contempt and oblivion, §665.

Sourced quotation · Quintilian [1071]

Satius est, omni ante actae vitae se abstinere convicio, quam levibus, aut frivolis, aut manifesto falsis reum incessere, quia fides caeteris detrahitur, et qui nihil obiicit, omisisse credi potest maledicta, tanquam supervacua, qui vana congerit, confitetur vanum in anteactis argumentum, in quibus vinci, quam tacere, maluerit.

Consequently it is better to abstain from casting any slur on the past life of the accused than to attack him with slight or frivolous charges which are manifestly false, since such a proceeding discredits the rest of our argument. Further, the advocate who brings no charges against the accused may be believed to have omitted all reference to past offences on the ground that such reference was not necessary, while the advocate who heaps up baseless charges thereby admits that his only argument is to be found in the past life of the accused, and that he has deliberately preferred to risk defeat on this point rather than say nothing at all about it.,

Quintilianus Inst. or. L. VII, c. 2. de coniectura.

Quintilian, Institutio oratoria VII.2, on conjecture.

§ 880

Confirmaturus si solam verisimilitudinem § 483. illustrantibus § 730. in argumentis eligendis acquieverit; me quidem arbitro, satisfecit officio nunc suo, § 839, 855. eam tamen verisimilitudinis speciem vel gradum, quem promiserat, vel res, vel obiectum ipsius personale praesertim attendendum rite postulaverit, illustrare quum per naturam ipsam iubeatur, § 104. argumenta tantum heterogeneam a quaesita verisimilitudinem, vel eodem gradu minorem illustratura, vel omittet omnino, vel in umbras saltim coniiciet, luci his unice reservatis, quae talem et tantam verisimilitudinem exhibent, qualis et quanta poscebatur, S. XXXV. Exempla legem generalem declarabunt, § 730. determinatiores regulae.

If one who will confirm has acquiesced, in choosing arguments, in arguments that illustrate only verisimilitude, §483, §730, in my judgment he has satisfied his present office, §§839, 855. Yet since through nature itself he is ordered to illustrate that species or degree of verisimilitude which he had promised, or which the matter or especially the personal object of it to be attended rightly required, §104, he will either omit altogether or at least cast into shadows arguments that would illustrate only a verisimilitude heterogeneous to the one sought, or lesser in the same degree, reserving light only for those that exhibit such and so great a verisimilitude as was demanded, Sect. XXXV. Examples will declare the general law, §730, and more determinate rules.

§ 881

Si de possibilitate naturali cuiusdam obiecti quaeritur, § 432. aut de morali latius dicta, § 435. argumentis absolutam tantum confirmaturis, vel nullus, vel in umbra tantum locus est, § 431, 880. Si de veritate morali cuiusdam obiecti quaeritur, § 435. argumentis possibilitatem eiusdem moralem latius dictam § 433. tantum confirmaturis vel nullus, vel in umbris unice locus est. § 880. Si quaeritur unitas actionis, loci, temporis hypothetica, § 439. argumentis unitatem generalium absolutam confirmaturis nullus, nisi forsan in umbris, locus est. § 880. Si de veritate obiecti singulari, s. existentia quaeritur, argumentis veritatem generalium, sub quibus obiectum contineatur, unice confirmaturis, aut nullus, aut unicus in umbris, locus est. § 440, 880. Si quaeritur, an aliquid sit strictissime verum, argumentis quamcunque possibilitatem eiusdem tantum, vel veritatem heterocosmicam declaraturis, aut nullus, aut umbra sola, locus est. § 441, 880.

If the natural possibility of some object is in question, §432, or moral possibility broadly so called, §435, arguments that would confirm only absolute possibility have either no place or only a place in shade, §§431, 880. If the moral truth of some object is in question, §435, arguments that would confirm only its moral possibility broadly so called, §433, have either no place or only a place in the shadows, §880. If the hypothetical unity of action, place, or time is in question, §439, arguments that would confirm the absolute unity of generalities have no place, unless perhaps in the shadows, §880. If the singular truth of an object, or its existence, is in question, arguments that would confirm only the truth of the generalities under which the object is contained have either no place or a single one in the shadows, §§440, 880. If the question is whether something is true in the strictest sense, arguments that would declare only any possibility of it, or its heterocosmic truth, have either no place or only the shade, §§441, 880.

§ 882

Confirmaturus fictiones strictissime veras, § 506. si meras strictius historicas § 509. vel omnino poeticas, § 511. ad persuadendum afferret, etiamsi vel nostro illae, vel poetarum mundo hae non viderentur contradicere, § 513. nec Utopiam saperent, § 514. analogicae § 476. nec prorsus ignotae, § 518. nec anomala figmenta, § 520. immo si fictis huiusmodi lucem potissimam affuderit, iure censebitur mendacium mendacio tegere, ne perpluat, § 881.

One who will confirm fictions that are true in the strictest sense, §506, if he were to bring forward merely stricter historical fictions, §509, or altogether poetic ones, §511, for persuading, even if the former did not seem to contradict our world, or the latter the poets' world, §513, nor tasted of Utopia, §514, being analogical, §476, nor entirely unknown, §518, nor anomalous fictions, §520; indeed, if he has poured the principal light upon fictions of this kind, he will rightly be judged to cover a lie with a lie, lest it rain through, §881.

§ 883

Si de verisimilitudine strictissime dicta dati obiecti quaeritur, § 530. confirmaturus omittat fabulas, § 526. historicas etiam, multo magis poeticas, § 527. saltim ne multum in iis haereat, § 881. nisi forsan aliquando in strictius probabilibus, § 532. aut narrationibus eiusmodi, quae strictissime vera continere, fabulosis immixta, § 526, 527. potest aesthetice saltim probabile reddere, § 583. In ultimo casu confirmaturus provocans ad ea, quae in narrationibus, quae fabulae dicuntur, strictissime vera esse satis ostendit, § 485, 847. non habet, generatim caussam, cur haec argumenta vel taceat, vel obumbret, § 880.

If the question concerns verisimilitude strictly so called of a given object, §530, the one confirming should omit fables, §526, even historical fables, and much more poetic ones, §527, or at least should not linger much in them, §881, unless perhaps sometimes in stricter probabilities, §532, or in narratives of such a kind that what they contain as strictly true, mixed with fabulous things, can make them at least aesthetically probable, §§526, 527, §583. In the last case, one confirming by appealing to those things which he has sufficiently shown to be strictly true in narratives called fables, §§485, 847, generally has no reason why he should either be silent about these arguments or cast them into shade, §880.

§ 884

Aestheticodogmatica confirmaturus quum satisfaciat officio, nunc suo, licet non adscendat ultra verisimilitudinem dogmaticam, § 577. dilucide propinandam, § 839. non est generatim, cur abstineat a commemorandis, vel etiam in aliquo nitore sistendis argumentis persuasoriis logice forsan dubiis aut improbabilibus, probabilibus tamen aesthetice, vel ab ipso commode ad hanc probabilitatem evehendis, § 486. Genus cogitandi strictius aesthetico-historicum studiosum veri ac solidi nec patietur sua confirmaturum vel intra possibilitatum quarumcunque rationes, § 881. vel intra nitide pingendam aliquam poeticam verisimilitudinem subsistere, § 880, nec ad rationales credibilitatis, auctoritatis testium, interpretationis locorum ambiguorum, diiudicationis contradictionum apparentium, geographiae, chronologiae, genealogiae, e. c. calculos et discussiones assurgere, § 580, 583. Hinc historicorum, venustae simul soliditati, § 839. ac logicae criticorum accurationi litare volentium, tot prodromi, notae, marginalia, appendices, e. c. § 584, 847.

When one about to confirm aesthetic-dogmatic matters satisfies his present office, although he does not ascend beyond dogmatic verisimilitude, §577, to be offered clearly, §839, there is generally no reason why he should abstain from commemorating, or even setting in some brightness, persuasive arguments perhaps logically doubtful or improbable, yet aesthetically probable, or conveniently raised by him to this probability, §486. The more strictly aesthetic-historical kind of thinking, studious of the true and solid, will not allow its confirmer either to remain within reasons of any possibilities whatever, §881, or within some poetic verisimilitude to be brightly painted, §880, nor to rise to rational calculations and discussions of credibility, authority of witnesses, interpretation of ambiguous passages, judging apparent contradictions, geography, chronology, genealogy, and so forth, §§580, 583. Hence so many prolegomena, notes, marginalia, appendices, and so forth from historians who wish to sacrifice at once to graceful solidity, §839, and to the logical accuracy of critics, §§584, 847.

§ 885

Confirmaturus habeat argumenta persuasionis satis multa: non sufficit inde frivola, nec quaesitam verisimilitudinem promittentia reiicere: cogitandorum explicite cuiusvis satis etiam pro dignitate lucis, vividitatis, et claritatis affundendum est extensivae, § 618. quo collustrentur ipsae res, quae ad persuadendum adhibentur, ea potissimum parte sui, latere, vel facie, quae NERVUM PROBANDI contineat, necessitatem positis his admittendi simul veritatem confirmandi, § 855, 839. Hinc coordinatarum etiam rationum, § 878. nec ineptarum ob § 879–884. si plures in hyle persuasurorum argumentorum adhuc supersint, quam ut quaevis per brevitatem rotundam satis luci suae possit exponi: praestat aliquas earundem aesthetice firmiores in omni suo naturali nitore proferre, § 625, 622. ne neglectis quidem veris coloribus, § 688. vel floridissimis, § 693. ad non mediocrem usque, si fieri potest, thaumaturgiam, § 808. quam omnibus nimium cumulatis, singulis punctim et concisim, aut tamen iusto brevius, expositis obruere forsan et obtundere lectores e. c. primarios, non vere persuadere. § 839, 634.

One who will confirm should have sufficiently many arguments of persuasion. It is not enough, then, to reject frivolous arguments and those not promising the verisimilitude sought; enough extensive light, vividness, and clarity must also be poured, according to the dignity of each thing explicitly to be thought, §618, so that the very things used for persuading may be illuminated, especially in that part, side, or face of themselves which contains the NERVE OF PROVING: the necessity, once these things are posited, of at the same time admitting the truth of what is to be confirmed, §§855, 839. Hence even among coordinate reasons, §878, and reasons not inept by §§879–884, if more arguments still remain in the matter of things to be persuaded than each can be exposed sufficiently to its light through rounded brevity, it is better to bring forward some of the aesthetically stronger ones in all their natural brightness, §§625, 622, not even neglecting true colors, §688, even the most florid, §693, up to no moderate thaumaturgy, if it can be done, §808, than by too great a heap of all, each set out point by point and concisely, or yet more briefly than is just, perhaps to overwhelm and blunt the primary readers and not truly persuade, §§839, 634.

§ 886

SECTIO LII
REPREHENSIO
Quanquam reprehensio nonnunquam tantum animo confirmandi thesin per indirectam probationem tentari potest; § 854. nos tamen eam heic considerabimus in gravioribus illis casibus, ubi contrarium a nobis confirmando, huic oppositum, et theseos nostrae antithesis obiecto nostro primario posset aliquid veritatis in se continens videri, vel multum. § 855. Dissentientes enim aesthetice refutare, vel reprehendere pulcre cogitaturis magis est necessarium, ac demonstratori logico refutare conclusionibus suis rigide demonstratis contradicentes, quia 1) est in opinione multorum, licet praeiudicata, positum, contra quae multa possint obiici (quomodocunque, quantulacunque,) certa non videri, § 870.

SECTION LII
REPREHENSION
Although reprehension can sometimes be attempted only with the mind of confirming a thesis by indirect proof, §854, nevertheless we shall consider it here in those graver cases where, while we confirm the contrary, the opposite to it, the antithesis of our thesis, could seem to our primary object to contain some truth in itself, or much, §855. For to refute dissenters aesthetically, or to reprehend them, is more necessary for those about to think beautifully than it is for a logical demonstrator to refute those contradicting his rigorously demonstrated conclusions, because 1) it is placed in the opinion of many, although prejudiced, that things against which many objections can be made, however and however small, do not seem certain, §870.

§ 887

2) Vere etiam probabilitas omnis, tam logica, quam aesthetica, non tantum auctis rationibus pro tua sententia pugnantibus, sed etiam imminutis et dilutis rationibus, contra eandem quae fecissent, crescit et intenditur. § 485. Hinc et probabilitatibus logicis magis necessarium est rationes dubitandi infirmare, vel intellectui falsitatem contradicendorum exponere, quam demonstrationibus, quas completas et mathematicas dixeris. 3) Non adeo levi momento tuas in partes probabilitatis aestheticae pertrahetur trutina, ac logicae, nec adeo acutum cernimus sensitive, ac intellectualiter, quae pars rationum superponderet.

2) In truth, every probability, both logical and aesthetic, grows and is intensified not only by increasing the reasons fighting for your opinion, but also by diminishing and dissolving the reasons that would have made against it, §485. Hence even for logical probabilities it is more necessary to weaken reasons for doubting, or to expose to the intellect the falsity of things contradicted, than for demonstrations that you would call complete and mathematical. 3) The scale of aesthetic probability will not be drawn to your side by so light a weight as the scale of logic, nor do we discern sensibly, as sharply as intellectually, which part of the reasons weighs more.

Hinc persuasioni aestheticae consulitur, non addendo solum pondera parti, quae subsidere, sed et demendo parti, quae debeat notabilius alleviari, quo haec videbitur falsis, hoc illa videbitur sensitive veris similior. § 483, 489.

Hence aesthetic persuasion is helped not only by adding weights to the side that ought to sink, but also by removing them from the side that ought to be lightened more noticeably; the more this side appears false, the more that side will appear sensibly like the true, §§483, 489.

§ 888

Vere Columella dixerit:

Columella may truly have said:

Sourced quotation · Columella [1072]

Reprehendisse peccantem non satis est, si non et recti viam doceas,

For it is not enough, that he has reproved one that has done a fault, if he does not teach him the way to do right.,

et recte iungat utrumque belle cogitaturus, § 854, 855. tamen § 886, 887. rationes nobis dedisse videmur, ex quibus ex parte possit intelligi, qui fiat, ut in sensitivae cognitionis sphaera paedagogos facilius invenias, quam patres; qui tentent,

and one who will think beautifully rightly joins both, §§854, 855. Yet §§886, 887 seem to have given us reasons from which it can partly be understood how it happens that, in the sphere of sensory cognition, you find pedagogues more easily than fathers, those who attempt

Sourced quotation · Lucretius [1073]

ab exitio possint reprehendere cunctos,

"And lest the winds blew back again, no force
Could rein things in nor hold from sure career
On to disaster."

quam qui nondum in devia lapsos directe ducant in amorem optimi, satyricos tandem facilius, quam paraeneticos.

more easily than those who directly lead those not yet fallen into byways into love of the best; finally satirists more easily than paraenetics.

Optimum est, quod Cicero virtuti tribuit, si sensibus nostris Aristippi voluptas blandiatur, Qu. ac. I. 139. si similibus in casibus, ut practicis, ita etiam theoreticis, viri boni suada,

What Cicero attributes to virtue is best, if Aristippus' pleasure flatters our senses, Academic Questions I.139, if in similar cases, both practical and theoretical, the persuasion of a good man

Sourced quotation · Cicero [1074]

revocat, vel potius reprehendit manu. Pecudum illos esse maturos

However, I see how enticingly Pleasure flatters our senses. I find myself drifting into agreement with Epicurus or Aristippus. Virtue summons me away or rather plucks me back with her hand: she declares that those inclinations are of the beasts that perish, while man she associates with God..

dicit. Hominem iungit deo. § 829, 838.

It says they are ripe for cattle. It joins the human being to god, §§829, 838.

§ 889

Reprehensioni fontes aperire hoc minus necessarium est, si vere Salustius ad Caesarem:

It is less necessary to open sources for reprehension, if Sallust truly says to Caesar:

Sourced quotation · Caesar (concordance label; Baumgarten attributes the words to Sallust addressing Caesar) [1075]

Ad reprehendenda aliena facta, aut dicta, ardet omnibus animus. Vix satis apertum os, aut lingua promta videtur, quae meditata pectore evoluat.

Most men have, or pretend to have, sufficient ability to sit in judgment; indeed, all are so eager to censure the doings or sayings of other men that hardly any mouth is sufficiently open, or any tongue sufficiently ready, to give utterance to the thoughts of their hearts..

Vix tamen eandem definiverat Cicero de inv. I. 61.

Yet Cicero had scarcely defined the same thing, De inventione I.61, as that

Sourced quotation · Cicero [1076]

per quam argumentando adversariorum confirmatio,

Reprehension is that by means of which the proof adduced by the opposite party is invalidated by arguing, or is disparaged, or is reduced to nothing.,

§ 886, 855.

§§886, 855,

Sourced quotation · Cicero [1077]

diluitur aut infirmatur, aut allevatur,

Reprehension is that by means of which the proof adduced by the opposite party is invalidated by arguing, or is disparaged, or is reduced to nothing.,

§ 887, 854. quum eundem huic fontem tribuit, quo utitur confirmatio, 62. de quo § 861–873. et praesertim § 874. ubi dicta verissime simul omni reprehensionum fonti conveniunt. § 65.

§§887, 854, when he attributes to it the same source which confirmation uses, 62, concerning which §§861–873 speak, and especially §874, where the things said most truly fit at the same time every source of reprehensions, §65.

§ 890

Sint interim haec reprehensuris consilia: 1) non argumentorum solum, et praemissarum, sed conclusionis etiam primario impugnandae pingatur falsitas. § 839. Quod in ipsis logicis refutationibus est utile: heic magis iudico necessarium, § 887. quoniam multi sic comparati sumus, ut tacite nobiscum statuamus, etiamsi vel perperam, vel ex minus idoneis praemissis, hucusque probata sit quaedam conclusio; nondum tamen eandem iam ideo falsam esse, posse satis veram, et nobis adhuc ignota ratione vel iam probatam esse rite, vel a nobis doctiore probandam propediem.

Meanwhile let these be counsels for those who will reprehend: 1) the falsity not only of the arguments and premises, but also of the conclusion, must primarily be painted as something to be attacked, §839. This is useful even in logical refutations; here I judge it more necessary, §887, because many of us are so disposed that we tacitly decide with ourselves that, even if some conclusion has been proved up to now wrongly or from less suitable premises, it is not yet therefore false, and can be true enough, and by a reason still unknown to us either already rightly proved or soon to be proved by someone more learned than we are.

Huic non ita falsae multorum opinioni succus in dato reprehensionis exemplo subducitur, si non subsistamus in subruendis antitheseos argumentis, sed et ipsam hanc conclusionem ita declaremus esse falsam aesthetice S. XXVIII. ut obiectum nostrum primarium, non datis solum, sed et forsan inveniendis quibuscunque fulcris, tamen eandem sustineri posse desperet. § 455.

The sap is withdrawn from this not entirely false opinion of many people in a given example of reprehension if we do not stop at undermining the arguments of the antithesis, but also declare that the conclusion itself is aesthetically false, Sect. XXVIII, so that our primary object despairs that it could be sustained not only by the supports given, but perhaps by any supports to be found, §455.

§ 891

Huic consilio § 890. satisfacit partim iam ipsa confirmatio, partim artificium nostrae directae probationi, et antitheseos praemissarum, vel formae probandi, vel utrarumque subversioni iungendi ex ipsa sumta eadem conclusione et antithesi deducta, dilucide, vel etiam splendide deducta, magnam tamen analogo rationis falsitatem et incongruentiam eiusdem tandem et velut ex improviso ob oculos ponentia, § 853, 884. Cicero de Inv. I. 63.

The counsel of §890 is satisfied partly already by confirmation itself, partly by the art of joining to our direct proof the subversion of the antithesis' premises, or of the form of proving, or of both, things taken from that very conclusion and drawn from the antithesis, drawn clearly or even splendidly, yet finally and almost unexpectedly placing before the eyes of the analogue of reason the great falsity and incongruity of the same thing, §§853, 884. Cicero, De inventione I.63:

Passage with quotations · Cicero [1078]

omnis argumentatio reprehenditur, si aut ex iis, quae sumta sunt, non conceditur unum, plurave, (negando praemissas) aut his concessis complexio confici ex his negatur: aut si genus ipsum argumentationis vitiosum esse ostenditur (negando formam vel certam, vel legitimam omnino) aut si contra firmam argumentationem alia aeque firma, aut firmior, ponitur.

All argumentation is reprehended when anything, whether it be one thing only, or more than one of those positions which are assumed, is not granted, or if, though they are granted, it is denied that the conclusion legitimately follows from them, or if it is shown that the very kind of argumentation is faulty, or if in opposition to one form and reliable sort of argumentation another is employed which is equally firm and convincing.

The first case denies the premises; the second denies the form, whether a particular form or legitimate form altogether.

§ 892

In eadem reprehensione possunt plura membra disiunctionis a Cicerone positae post se invicem tentari, § 891. modo 2) armis adversarii semper parentur contraria arma, quae plus verae lucis fundere videantur, ut nostrorum lumen maius obscuret illa.

In the same reprehension several members of the disjunction set down by Cicero can be tried one after another, §891, provided that 2) contrary weapons are always prepared from the weapons of the adversary, which may seem to pour out more true light, so that the greater light of our weapons obscures theirs, Sect.

S. XXXX. Non aeque firma placent tantum, quantum firmiora, § 891. Huc praeiudicia in reprehendendis latentia detegere, § 870. eadem cum praemissis aliis falsis per instantias evidentiores infringere.

XXXX. Equally firm weapons do not please as much as firmer ones, §891. To this belongs detecting prejudices hidden in the things to be reprehended, §870, breaking them together with other false premises by more evident instances, Sect.

S. L. comparationibus paralogismos reprehendendorum eludere, quorum evidentes praemissae tamen aperte falsam dent conclusionem; S. XXVIII. saltus illegitimos et supplendi impossibilitatem ob oculos ponere, e. c. quae logici docent, eleganter et ad analogi rationis modulos exsequi. § 844.

L, eluding by comparisons the paralogisms of those to be reprehended, whose evident premises nevertheless openly give a false conclusion, Sect. XXVIII, setting before the eyes illegitimate leaps and the impossibility of supplementing them, and so forth: to execute elegantly and according to the measures of the analogue of reason the things logicians teach, §844.

§ 893

In primis 3) utiliter, ad hominem quae dicuntur argumenta, quem reprehendis, armis propriis aggrediendo adhibebuntur, quoniam hominem ipsi sibi contradicentem tanquam auctorem veritatis sequi, vix est, qui sibi persuadere possit, hinc labefactatur hoc modo certe praeiudicium auctoritatis, quod pro patronis antitheseos pugnare potuisset, tanquam aesthetice saltim solidis, § 839.

Especially 3) arguments called ad hominem will usefully be employed by attacking the person you reprehend with his own weapons, since there is scarcely anyone who can persuade himself to follow as an author of truth a person contradicting himself; hence in this way at least the prejudice of authority is shaken, which could have fought for the patrons of the antithesis as at least aesthetically solid, §839.

Sourced quotation · Quintilian [1079]

Artificis est invenire in actione adversarii, quae in semet ipsa pugnent, aut pugnare videantur.

On the other hand it is a task for a real artist to discover inconsistencies, real or apparent, in the speech of his opponent,,

Quint. inst. V. 13. quod totum caput heic legi meretur. 4) In reprehendendo hoc magis sollicitus esto de genere cogitandi satis digno, § 223. quo minus aestheticus cum logico suadere potest abstinentiam ab omnibus affectiones animi moventibus, § 22. quo difficilius est aliquando vehementer, neque tamen iracunde agere, § 722–725.

Quintilian, Institutio V.13; that whole chapter deserves to be read here. 4) In reprehending, be the more solicitous about a sufficiently dignified kind of thinking, §223, because the aesthetician, no more than the logician, can advise abstinence from all things that move the affections of the mind, §22, and because it is sometimes difficult to act vehemently and yet not angrily, §§722–725.

§ 894

Ultimum dignitatis consilium § 182. heic etiam, tanquam ex ipsis eleganter cogitandi fontibus § 866. fluens considerari velim, non tantum, quatenus idem virtus et pietas postulant, § 183. Quod in obscoenis sibi permiserunt antiquorum non pauci, § 184. in reprehendendo paene plures similem eidem licentiam sumserunt, ut adeo rationibus impugnare veterem, sed malum, morem eo magis necessarium videatur, quo pluribus eum, alioquin satis insignibus, exemplis hodierni imitatores eiusdem facile tueantur.

I would wish the final counsel of dignity, §182, to be considered here also, as flowing from the very sources of elegant thinking, §866, and not only insofar as virtue and piety demand the same thing, §183. What not a few of the ancients permitted themselves in obscene matters, §184, almost more permitted themselves a similar license in reprehending, so that to attack the old, but bad, custom by reasons seems all the more necessary, since modern imitators of it can easily defend it with many examples, otherwise distinguished enough.

Quomodo reprehendat apud Homerum heros heroa, quis nescit?

Who does not know how hero reprehends hero in Homer?

Sed quanto iam in hoc Aeneis Virgilii moratior est?

But how much more moral in this very respect is Virgil's Aeneid? As for Demosthenes,

Passage with quotations · Cicero [1080]

In hoc ipso (Demosthene) diligenter examinans verborum omnium pondera reprehendit Aeschines quaedam et exagitat, illudensque dura, odiosa, intolerabilia esse dicit. Quinetiam quaerit ab ipso, quum quidem eum belluam appellet, utrum illa verba, an portenta sint: ut Aeschini ne Demosthenes quidem videatur Attice dicere.

even in him, thus carefully weighing and poising his every word Aeschines could find several expressions to turn into ridicule:—for giving a loose to his raillery, he calls them harsh, and detestable, and too shocking to be endured; and styling the author of them a very monster, he tauntingly asks him whether such expressions could be considered as words or not rather as absolute frights and prodigies. So that to Aeschines not even Demosthenes himself was perfectly Attic;

Cic. Or. 26. Ad reprehensionem hanc belluae cuius est erubescere?

Cicero, Orator 26. In this reprehension of the beast, whose part is it to blush?

Demosthenis, an potius Aeschinis?

Demosthenes', or rather Aeschines'?

§ 895

Quanto rectius hic, qui nil molitur inique, Cassius contra Plancium et huius patronum, Ciceronem, cui tamen iam graviora atque magna videntur, quod

How much more rightly here Cassius, who contrives nothing unfairly, against Plancius and his patron Cicero, to whom nevertheless these things already seem rather grave and great, because

Sourced quotation · Cicero [1081]

Ciceronis discessum, quem saepe deflerat Cassius, nunc quasi reprehendere et subaccusare voluit, dicens non Ciceroni auxilium, sed Ciceronem auxilio defuisse?

These things are, however, of but little importance; but those points are serious and weighty, that you wish now to find fault with, and in an underhand manner, to accuse my departure from the city, which you had often wept over. For you have said that assistance was not wanting to me, but that I was wanting to those who were willing to assist me.,

Cic. pro Plancio 86. Quis nescit eundem discessum non reprehendi, sed etiam exagitari potuisse duris, odiosis, quaeque Ciceroni visa essent intolerabilia, verbis illudendo tam facta, quam non facta, nisi belle, § 893. praetulisset accusator Plancii submissum dicendi genus in illius patronum? § 725. Utinam ipse Cicero in Pisonem, virum censorium, in ipsum Antonium, eleganti modestia vehementiam ubique temperasset. § 722–724.

Cicero, Pro Plancio 86. Who does not know that the same departure could not only have been reprehended but even attacked with harsh, hateful words, which would have seemed intolerable to Cicero, by mocking both things done and not done, unless, beautifully, §893, the accuser of Plancius had preferred a subdued kind of speaking against that man's patron? §725. Would that Cicero himself, against Piso, a man of censorial rank, and against Antony himself, had everywhere tempered vehemence with elegant modesty, §§722–724.

§ 896

Non iambos Archilochi, non hendecasyllabos Catulli, non Nasonis Ibin, aut alia, caeteroquin venusta, sed ob neglectum bene moratum cogitandi genus turpiter reprehendentium

Not the iambics of Archilochus, not the hendecasyllables of Catullus, not Ovid's Ibis, or other things otherwise graceful, but shamefully reprehending through neglect of a well-moralized kind of thinking:

Sourced quotation · Horace in the concordance; Ovid is the verified source [1082]

Tincta Lycambaeo sanguine tela moror.

"Afterwards, shouldst thou persist, the bold Iambic measure shall provide me with weapons against thee, steeped in the blood of Lycambes."

§ 893, 186. Si non itur, qua eundum est, nec eundum est gravitati aestheticae, qua itur § 189. Nondum audeo praecipere generatim pulcre reprehensuris, ut abstineant omnino ab omnibus, quae personalia vel magis barbare personalitates dicunt, ab omnibus, quae singularem illum hominem, cui contradixeris, proxime tangunt, eiusque patriam, genus, ingenium, mores, vitam, adolescentiam, et si qua sunt alia, § 752–757. fidenter tamen procul esse iubeo, si quis gratiis litare voluerit, vel in adversariis ipsis rimari obiecta humillima et abiecta, § 195. quoniam omnino non possunt exponi § 224, 225. strictius morato cogitandi genere § 227, vel absolute tantum tali. § 228.

§§893, 186. If one does not go where one must go, one must not go by the aesthetic gravity by which one goes, §189. I do not yet dare to prescribe generally to those who will reprehend beautifully that they abstain altogether from all things called personalia, or more barbarously personalities, from all things that most nearly touch the singular person whom you have contradicted, his country, family, genius, morals, life, youth, and whatever else there may be, §§752–757. Yet confidently I order them to stay far away, if one wishes to sacrifice to the Graces, from searching out the lowest and most abject objects even in adversaries themselves, §195, since they absolutely cannot be displayed, §§224, 225, by a more strictly moralized kind of thinking, §227, or by one only absolutely such, §228.

§ 897

Ne peccem ipse praestans, quod dissuadeo, non abiecta vel obtutu primo iuvat, exempla proferre.

Lest I myself commit what I dissuade by performing it, it is useful to bring forward examples that are not abject at first glance.

Sufficiat una Senecae apocolocyntosis in Claudium, qua Stoicus ille minus decantatam, forte tamen minus eluendam laudi virtutis suae maculam inussit, quam avaritia.

Let one example suffice: Seneca's Apocolocyntosis against Claudius, by which that Stoic branded upon the praise of his own virtue a stain less often recited, yet perhaps less washable, than avarice.

Quis crederet?

Who would believe it?

Philosophus, quantus Seneca videtur, exsul in Sardinia descenderat ad lacrumas et supplicationes in Polybium Claudii libertum profusas; in quibus sapientiae Claudii plus, quam satis est, adulatur, revocatus ab eodem Claudio, non tam malo, quam simplici, multisque beneficiis cumulatus, quantum ab eodem aliquid proficisci poterat, quod eius nomine fiebat, eundem imperatorem suum post eius mortem ore Neronis laudat propter sapientiam adeo, ut risum moverit audientibus, et idem sub tempus, urgente nulla ratione politica, tamen tam acerbe ridet, veneno exstinctum, ut nec ab hoc sibi temperare ioco posset, quem nunquam sine indignatione legi:

A philosopher, as great as Seneca seems, had descended as an exile in Sardinia to tears and supplications poured out to Polybius, Claudius' freedman; in these he flatters Claudius' wisdom more than enough; recalled by the same Claudius, not so much bad as simple, and heaped with many benefits, as much as anything could proceed from him which was done in his name, he praises the same emperor, after his death, by the mouth of Nero, so much for wisdom that he moved laughter in his hearers, and at the same time, with no political reason pressing, nevertheless laughs so bitterly at him, extinguished by poison, that he could not even temper himself from this joke, which I have never read without indignation:

Sourced quotation · Seneca [1083]

Ultima vox eius haec inter homines audita est, quum maiorem sonitum emisisset illa parte, qua facilius loquebatur: Vae me! puto, concacavi me.

The last words he was heard to speak in this world were these. When he had made a great noise with that part of him which talked easiest, he cried out, “Oh dear, oh dear! I think I have made a mess of myself.”.

Paene pudet haec scripsisse post Senecam.

I am almost ashamed to have written these things after Seneca.

§ 898

Iniuriae verbales, quae vel simplicem honorem laedunt, turpissimae quidem in reprehensionibus sunt, quae maiestatem sublimium tueri debeant § 317. turpiores in medio cogitandi genere, quod civilitatem et mores intensi iam honoris postulat, § 278. neque tamen in ipso tenui cogitandi genere carent turpitudine, § 262. Prius impetitus eiusmodi luto si fueris, nec a retorsionibus abstinere debeas aggressori, debes tibi, debes spectatoribus, et ipsi magnanimitati aestheticae. § 189, 275. SS. XXIIII–XXVI. Ad hunc lapidem Lydium argumentum ab invidia, consequentiarum synathroismos, immeritas vel immodicas irrisiones examinemus, memores nationis et saeculi, § 867. quorum huic ferenda quae videantur, illi tamen ἦθος omnino iam laedere iudicabuntur. § 213, 212.

Verbal injuries, which wound even simple honor, are certainly most shameful in reprehensions that ought to guard the majesty of sublime things, §317; more shameful in the middle kind of thinking, which demands civility and the manners of already intensified honor, §278; and yet they do not lack shamefulness even in the plain kind of thinking itself, §262. If you have first been attacked with mud of this kind, you owe it not to the aggressor, but to yourself, to the spectators, and to aesthetic magnanimity itself, that you abstain from retorts, §§189, 275, Sects. XXIIII–XXVI. Let us examine by this touchstone the argument from envy, gatherings of consequences, and undeserved or immoderate mockeries, mindful of nation and century, §867; things that seem bearable to one nation and age will nevertheless be judged altogether to wound ἦθος in another, §§213, 212.

§ 899

Et bonis moribus facilius obedies, et inanem operam insumere saepius supersedebis, si tibi dictum putes 5) neutiquam reprehendenda tibi esse omnia, quae contra tuas sententias, vel dicta sint, vel dici possint, sed ea tantum, quae suspicaris obiecto tuo personali primario verisimilia, nisi reprehendas, quaeque speraveris post reprehensionem tuam ab eodem in aesthetice falsis habenda; § 887. Par ratio responsionum ad reprehensiones aliorum in nos nostraque directarum; § 886, 898.

You will both obey good morals more easily and more often refrain from spending empty labor if you think this said to you, 5) that you are by no means to reprehend all things that have been said, or can be said, against your opinions, but only those things that you suspect will be verisimilar to your primary personal object if you do not reprehend them, and which you hope, after your reprehension, will be held by the same object among aesthetically false things, §887. The same ratio applies to responses to the reprehensions of others directed against us and our things, §§886, 898.

Sourced quotation · Quintilian [1084]

Quemadmodum illud stultissime praecipitur, quod defendi non possit, silentio dissimulandum, siquidem est id, de quo iudex pronunciaturus est: ita alii, diligentia lapsi, verbis etiam, vel sententiolis omnibus respondendum putant, quae contra dici posse autumant, quod est et infinitum et supervacuum

Consequently I regard as the height of folly the advice that is given in such cases, that what cannot be defended should be ignored and passed over in silence, at any rate if the point in question is that on which the judge has to give his decision.
[...]
On the other hand there are some who suffer from excess of zeal, and think it their duty to reply to every word and even every trifling reflexion, a task which is at once endless and superfluous.,

§ 171.

§171.

Sourced quotation · Quintilian [1085]

Sit, cui respondeas. Cave vitium nimium solliciti, et circa omnia momenta luctantis.

Unless we do this, we shall have no chance of employing objections, since there is no adversary to whom we can reply. There is another serious fault into which pleaders fall: the anxious over-elaboration of points.,

Quint. inst. V. XIII. Quot scriptis galeatus ille prologus aptari potuisset minus eleganter, quem belle praemisit Cicero l. I. de finibus bonorum et malorum?

Quintilian, Institutio V.13. To how many writings could that helmeted prologue have been less elegantly fitted which Cicero beautifully placed before book I of On the Ends of Goods and Evils?

§ 900

SECTIO LIII
ARGUMENTA PERSUASORIA
ARGUMENTA, quorum (vel unica, vel potior, vel nunc maxime consideranda) vis est sensitivam datae perceptioni certitudinem conciliare, sunt PERSUASORIA § 829. Ergo omnia argumenta, omnes figurae vivide probantes, S. XXXIII. verisimilitudinemque pulcram illustrantes, Sect.

SECTION LIII
PERSUASIVE ARGUMENTS
ARGUMENTS whose force, whether sole, stronger, or now especially to be considered, is to reconcile sensory certitude to a given perception, are PERSUASIVE, §829. Therefore all arguments, all figures vividly proving, Sect. XXXIII, and illustrating beautiful verisimilitude, Sect.

XXXIII. erunt persuasoriae, § 26. Habes ansam intendendi tuorum argumentorum efficaciam eleganter, § 142. si probantia potissimum illustres, et pingentia veritati consecres aestheticae, quoniam tunc illa non probabunt solum, haec non splendorem solum afferent, sed utraque simul persuadebunt. § 143. Sic pleonasmus apparens, cuius otiose positum ad dandam alterius hypothesin et determinationem, vel omnino medium terminum, negotiosum est, confirmabit, § 145, 855. e. g. Hisce meis oculis vidi, contra id:

XXXIII, will be persuasive, §26. You have an opportunity to intensify the efficacy of your arguments elegantly, §142, if you especially illustrate the proving arguments and consecrate the painting arguments to aesthetic truth, since then the former will not only prove, and the latter not only bring splendor, but both will also persuade, §143. Thus an apparent pleonasm, whose thing placed idly for giving another's hypothesis and determination, or altogether a middle term, is busy, will confirm, §§145, 855; for example, I saw it with these very eyes of mine, against this:

Sourced quotation · Virgil [1086]

Vidimus? an qui amant ipsi sibi somnia fingunt?

"May we believe it, or are lovers still
by their own fancies fooled?"

Sources and textual notes

[1070] Cicero, De inventione 1.77. The first two displayed segments rework and excerpt Cicero; the final segment is Baumgarten's Latin explanation of the earlier Ciceronian construction. Charles Duke Yonge, The Orations of Marcus Tullius Cicero, vol. 4 (1903 reprint from stereotype plates), “Treatise on Rhetorical Invention,” book 1 (modern De inventione 1.77); Project Gutenberg ebook 11080. Source 1

The literal … strings are concordance editorial markers and are preserved exactly; they are not words in Baumgarten's or Cicero's Latin. Baumgarten re-inflects source ablative multis et obscuris as multa et obscura and then quotes de quibus certum est artificium constitutum exactly. His final phrase, quibus scilicet rationibus tractentur argumentationes in philosophia, explains and recasts earlier source aliis quoque rationibus tractari argumentationes in philosophia: it adds scilicet, omits aliis quoque, changes infinitive tractari to subjunctive tractentur, and reverses the order of the clause. Yonge translates the continuous Ciceronian source, not the omission markers or Baumgarten's final gloss.

Reuse information

Yonge died in 1891 and the cited edition was published in 1903. The translation is in the United States public domain; Project Gutenberg permits reuse under its stated license.

[1071] Quintilian, Institutio oratoria 7.2.34, on the damage done to a prosecution by weak attacks on the accused's past life. Harold Edgeworth Butler, The Institutio Oratoria of Quintilian, vol. 3 (Loeb Classical Library; Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press; London: William Heinemann, 1921), 7.2.34; Perseus Digital Library text. Source 1

Baumgarten omits source eoque, capitalizes Satius, moves se from after omni to after ante actae vitae, writes caeteris for source ceteris, and adds numerous commas while replacing Quintilian's two semicolons with commas. Most significantly, the comparison edition reads unum in anteactis argumentum; its apparatus records manuscript vanum, which Baumgarten follows. Butler accordingly translates critical unum as “his only argument,” whereas Baumgarten's vanum ... argumentum means a vain or baseless argument. Baumgarten also inserts commas around quam tacere and omits the source period. Butler's earlier “baseless charges” renders vana congerit and should not be mistaken for a translation of the later variant vanum.

Reuse information

Butler's four-volume translation was published in 1920-1922 and is in the United States public domain. The Perseus canonical repository supplies the digital source file.

[1072] Columella, De re rustica 11.1.9, on the farm manager's obligation not merely to find fault but to teach correct practice. Anonymous, L. Junius Moderatus Columella of Husbandry, in Twelve Books: and His Book Concerning Trees (London: A. Millar, 1745), book 11, chapter 1, p. 451; Internet Archive scan hosted by Wikimedia Commons. Source 1

Baumgarten suppresses source Neque enim, moves the negation from neque to non satis est, fronts Reprehendisse peccantem, adds et, moves recti viam before its verb, and changes third-person subjunctive doceat to second-person doceas. The 1745 translator renders the complete source sentence and retains its third-person farm manager; no attempt has been made here to rewrite that existing translation into Baumgarten's second person.

Reuse information

The anonymous English translation was published in 1745 and is in the public domain. The linked scan reproduces that edition and its title page.

[1073] Lucretius, De rerum natura 6.568-569, describing contrary winds as the force that checks matter otherwise rushing toward destruction. William Ellery Leonard, De Rerum Natura (New York: E. P. Dutton, 1916), 6.568-570; Perseus Digital Library text. Source 1

Brackets around vis in the comparison text mark the familiar editorial supplement; Leonard's “no force” translates it. Baumgarten removes Lucretius's conditional frame and the source subject, fronts ab exitio, changes singular possit to plural possint, and substitutes cunctos (“everyone”) for euntis (“those going”). His surrounding prose supplies pedagogues as the new plural subject, so this is an allusive grammatical transformation, not a continuous quotation. Leonard translates the unadapted description of winds and material collapse.

Reuse information

Leonard's translation was published in 1916 and is in the United States public domain. The Perseus canonical repository supplies the digital source file.

[1074] Cicero, Academica priora 2 (Lucullus) 139 (Baumgarten cites “Qu. ac. I. 139”), where Cicero weighs the attractions of pleasure against virtue. James S. Reid, The Academics of Cicero (London: Macmillan and Co., 1880), Lucullus 139, pp. 88-89; Cornell University Library scan hosted by Wikimedia Commons. Source 1

Baumgarten omits subject virtus, expands contracted reprendit to reprehendit, and splits Cicero's sentence after manu. Most substantively, the concordance reads maturos, whereas Cicero has motus; maturos does not yield the source's sense “those impulses.” Baumgarten's next sentence separately quotes source Hominem iungit deo, but that clause is not part of this concordance record. Reid translates the continuous Ciceronian passage and therefore supplies “Virtue,” “inclinations,” and the final contrast with humanity.

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Reid's translation was published in 1880 and is in the public domain. The linked scan states that there are no known United States copyright restrictions on the text.

[1075] Pseudo-Sallust, Epistulae ad Caesarem senem de re publica 1.8.9, conventionally also titled the “Speech to Caesar” (Oratio ad Caesarem), at the author's defence of offering political advice. John Carew Rolfe, Sallust (Loeb Classical Library; Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press; London: William Heinemann, 1921), “Speech to Caesar,” 8.9, p. 461; LacusCurtius transcription. Source 1

The concordance's author label names the recipient, Caesar; Baumgarten's prose explicitly says “Sallust to Caesar,” while modern scholarship treats the work as pseudo-Sallustian. Baumgarten begins after source verum enim, makes the semicolon after animus a full stop, and adds commas around aut dicta and before aut lingua. His promta/evoluat represent historical spellings for normalized prompta/evolvat. Rolfe's selected sentence also translates the immediately preceding Plerique mortales ... aut simulant, which supplies the comparison needed for his “indeed.”

Reuse information

Rolfe's translation was published in 1921 and is in the United States public domain. The linked page identifies the edition and explicitly labels the text public domain.

[1076] Cicero, De inventione 1.78 (Baumgarten's edition cites 1.61), defining rhetorical refutation or reprehensio. Charles Duke Yonge, The Orations of Marcus Tullius Cicero, vol. 4 (1903 reprint from stereotype plates), “Treatise on Rhetorical Invention,” book 1 (modern De inventione 1.78); Project Gutenberg ebook 11080. Source 1

Baumgarten removes the defining frame Reprehensio est and divides Cicero's one sentence immediately before its three predicates; Entry 1077 continues them. The fragment therefore has no finite verb in isolation. Yonge translates the entire definition, supplying “Reprehension is” from the omitted frame and carrying the sentence through the material assigned to the next concordance record.

Reuse information

Yonge died in 1891 and the cited edition was published in 1903. The translation is in the United States public domain; Project Gutenberg labels ebook 11080 public domain in the United States.

[1077] Cicero, De inventione 1.78 (Baumgarten's edition cites 1.61), the three predicates completing the definition divided at Entry 1076. Charles Duke Yonge, The Orations of Marcus Tullius Cicero, vol. 4 (1903 reprint from stereotype plates), “Treatise on Rhetorical Invention,” book 1 (modern De inventione 1.78); Project Gutenberg ebook 11080. Source 1

Baumgarten's allevatur is an older-edition variant for critical elevatur, and he adds a comma after infirmatur. The 1915 Stroebel text additionally marks aut infirmatur for deletion, whereas Baumgarten's and Yonge's textual tradition retains all three verbs. Yonge's three English predicates translate the unbroken definition and are consequently repeated from Entry 1076 rather than editorially split into a new sentence.

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[1078] Cicero, De inventione 1.79 (Baumgarten's edition cites 1.63), enumerating four ways to refute an argument. Charles Duke Yonge, The Orations of Marcus Tullius Cicero, vol. 4 (1903 reprint from stereotype plates), “Treatise on Rhetorical Invention,” book 1 (modern De inventione 1.79); Project Gutenberg ebook 11080. Source 1

The first … stands for Baumgarten's parenthesis “(negando praemissas)” and the second for “(negando formam vel certam, vel legitimam omnino)”; neither replaces Ciceronian words. Against the comparison text, Baumgarten omits aliquid, prints historical sumta and complexio for sumpta/conplexio, uses the older order complexio confici ex his (the modern critical text brackets ex his), and adds esse after vitiosum. He also adds commas after unum, firma, and firmior, and changes the comma after negatur to a colon. Yonge translates the continuous source classification, not Baumgarten's inserted explanations.

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[1079] Quintilian, Institutio oratoria 5.13.30, on finding real or apparent contradictions in an opponent's speech. Harold Edgeworth Butler, The Institutio Oratoria of Quintilian, vol. 2 (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press; London: William Heinemann, 1921), 5.13.30; Perseus Digital Library text. Source 1

Baumgarten omits connective autem and the crucial source adverb contra, capitalizes the opening, and adds commas around the relative and alternative clauses before closing the excerpt with a period. Butler's “On the other hand” translates omitted autem, while “inconsistencies” conveys source quae contra semet ipsa pugnent; the selected English ends where Quintilian proceeds to his Caelius example.

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[1080] Cicero, Orator 26, on Aeschines' criticism of expressions in Demosthenes' speech On the Crown. Edward Jones, Cicero's Brutus, or History of Famous Orators: Also, His Orator, or Accomplished Speaker (London: B. White, 1776), Orator 26; Project Gutenberg ebook 9776. Source 1

The … replaces Baumgarten's explanatory parenthesis “(Demosthene),” not source words. Baumgarten omits initial Ac tamen and changes ablative examinante to nominative examinans: Cicero's construction presents Demosthenes as weighing his own words, whereas Baumgarten makes Aeschines the examiner. He expands inludensque to illudensque, prints historical quum, and follows the attested manuscript variant appellet instead of the comparison edition's appellat. He also divides the source at dicit, contracts quin etiam to Quinetiam, adds commas in the adjective list and before an portenta, and substitutes a colon for the final semicolon. Jones translates Cicero's original syntax, as “even in him, thus ... weighing” makes clear.

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[1081] Cicero, Pro Cn. Plancio 86, Cicero's answer to Marcus Iuventius Laterensis, the prosecutor of Plancius. Charles Duke Yonge, The Orations of Marcus Tullius Cicero, Literally Translated, vol. 3 (London: George Bell and Sons, 1891), Pro Cn. Plancio 86; Perseus Digital Library text. Source 1

Cicero addresses Laterensis, not Cassius. Baumgarten changes first-person meum/mihi/me and second-person defleras/voluisti/dixisti to third-person Ciceronis/Ciceroni/Ciceronem and deflerat/voluit/dicens, inserts “Cassius” as the subject of deflerat, omits the framing contrast sed sunt haec leviora, illa vero gravia atque magna, and joins Cicero's two sentences. Yonge translates the actual first-person exchange and renders subaccusare expansively as “in an underhand manner, to accuse.”

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[1082] Ovid, Ibis 53-54. Baumgarten's surrounding sentence names Nasonis Ibin, independently confirming the source. Henry T. Riley, The Fasti, Tristia, Pontic Epistles, Ibis, and Halieuticon of Ovid (London: Henry G. Bohn, 1851), p. 477; Internet Archive plain-text scan. Source 1

The concordance attribution to Horace is contradicted both by the wording and by Baumgarten's explicit mention of Ovid's Ibis immediately before the phrase. Ovid's second line has Lycambeo and finite dabit, with liber iambus as subject. Baumgarten writes Lycambaeo, replaces dabit with first-person moror, capitalizes the extract, and makes tela another object of his governing moror alongside the poetic forms named in his surrounding sentence. Riley translates Ovid's continuous couplet, not Baumgarten's new syntax.

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[1083] Seneca, Apocolocyntosis 4, reporting the emperor Claudius's last words. W. H. D. Rouse, Petronius; Seneca, Apocolocyntosis (Loeb Classical Library; London: William Heinemann; New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1913), section 4; Perseus Digital Library text. Source 1

Baumgarten preserves the complete source sentence but uses the early-modern spelling quum for cum, capitalizes Vae, and replaces the comma after vae me with an exclamation point. Rouse euphemistically renders concacavi me as “I have made a mess of myself” and repeats “Oh dear” for emphasis; those are features of the published translation, not additions to the Latin evidence.

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[1084] Quintilian, Institutio oratoria 5.13.9 and 5.13.37. The two source clauses are separated by twenty-seven intervening numbered sections. Harold Edgeworth Butler, The Institutio Oratoria of Quintilian, vol. 2, books 4-6 (Loeb Classical Library; Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press; London: William Heinemann, 1921), 5.13.9 and 5.13.37; Perseus Digital Library text. Source 1

Baumgarten turns source quare into Quemadmodum and adds ita to bind two distant passages into one comparison. He changes the source colon after dissimulandum to a comma, writes pronunciaturus for pronuntiaturus, and inserts quae contra dici posse autumant, which has no counterpart in the compared Quintilian text. The bracketed ellipses above mark the long gap between 5.13.9 and 5.13.37; Butler's two excerpts translate the source passages separately and do not supply Baumgarten's linking words or inserted gloss.

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[1085] Quintilian, Institutio oratoria 5.13.50-51, joining the end of section 50 to the opening description of a fault in section 51. Harold Edgeworth Butler, The Institutio Oratoria of Quintilian, vol. 2, books 4-6 (Loeb Classical Library; Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press; London: William Heinemann, 1921), 5.13.50-51; Perseus Digital Library text. Source 1

Baumgarten suppresses Quintilian's condition Quod nisi fecerimus, numquam utemur contradictione and reverses negative non enim erit cui respondeamus into the affirmative jussive Sit, cui respondeas. He then replaces source Est et illud with the imperative Cave and adds a comma after solliciti. Butler translates the continuous source transition, not Baumgarten's direct second-person admonition.

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[1086] Virgil, Eclogues 8.108. James Rhoades, The Poems of Vergil, vol. 1 (London: Oxford University Press, 1921), Eclogues 8.108; Perseus Digital Library text. Source 1

Virgil asks Credimus (“do we believe?”); Baumgarten substitutes Vidimus (“have we seen?”), makes that verb a separately punctuated question, and removes Virgil's commas after an and amant. Rhoades's “May we believe it” necessarily translates the source verb Credimus, not Baumgarten's substitution.

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